HEALTHCARE COST & UTILIZATION PROJECT

User Support

Do Your own analysis
Explore Expert Research & Limited Datasets

Introduction to the HCUP Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD), 2013

HEALTHCARE COST AND UTLIZATION PROJECT – HCUP
A FEDERAL-STATE-INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP IN HEALTH DATA

Sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

 

 

INTRODUCTION TO

THE HCUP NATIONWIDE READMISSIONS DATABASE (NRD)

2013

 

 

These pages provide introductory-level information about the NRD.

  For full documentation and notification of changes,
visit the HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov.

 

November 2015

 

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)

Phone: (866) 290-HCUP (4287)
E-mail: hcup@ahrq.gov
website: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov

 

NRD Data and Documentation Distributed by:
HCUP Central Distributor
Phone: (866) 556-4287 (toll-free)
Fax: (866) 792-5313
E-mail: HCUPDistributor@ahrq.gov



Table of Contents



HCUP NATIONWIDE READMISSIONS DATABASE (NRD) SUMMARY OF DATA USE LIMITATIONS

***** REMINDER *****


All users of the NRD must take the on-line HCUP Data Use Agreement (DUA) training course, and read and sign a Data Use Agreement.

Authorized users of HCUP data agree to the following restrictions: ‡

  • Will not use the data for any purpose other than research or aggregate statistical reporting.

  • Will not re-release any data to unauthorized users.

  • Will not redistribute HCUP data by posting on any Website or other publically-accessible online repository

  • Will not identify or attempt to identify any individual, including by the use of vulnerability analysis or penetration testing. Methods that could be used to identify individuals directly or indirectly shall not be disclosed or published.

  • Will not publish information that could identify individual establishments (e.g., hospitals) and will not contact establishments.

  • Will not use the data concerning individual establishments for commercial or competitive purposes involving those establishments, and will not use the data to determine rights, benefits, or privileges of individual establishments.

  • Will not use data elements from the proprietary severity adjustment software packages (3M APR-DRGs, HSS APS-DRGs, and Thomson Reuters Disease Staging) for any commercial purpose or to disassemble, decompile, or otherwise reverse engineer the proprietary software.

  • Will acknowledge in reports that data from the "Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)" were used, including names of the specific databases used for analysis.

  • Will acknowledge that risk of individual identification of persons is increased when observations (i.e., individual discharge records) in any given cell of tabulated data is less than or equal to 10.

Any violation of the limitations in the Data Use Agreement is punishable under Federal law by a fine of up to $10,000 and up to 5 years in prison. Violations may also be subject to penalties under State statutes.

† The on-line Data Use Agreement training session and the Data Use Agreement are available on the HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov.
‡ Specific provisions are detailed in the Data Use Agreement for Nationwide Databases.



Return to Introduction

HCUP CONTACT INFORMATION

All HCUP data users, including data purchasers and collaborators, must complete the online HCUP Data Use Agreement (DUA) Training Tool, and read and sign the HCUP Data Use Agreement. Proof of training completion and signed Data Use Agreements must be submitted to the HCUP Central Distributor as described below.

The on-line DUA training course is available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/tech_assist/dua.jsp.

The HCUP Nationwide Data Use Agreement is available on the AHRQ-sponsored HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov

HCUP Central Distributor

Data purchasers will be required to provide their DUA training completion code and will execute their DUAs electronically as a part of the online ordering process. The DUAs and training certificates for collaborators and others with access to HCUP data should be submitted directly to the HCUP Central Distributor using the contact information below.

The HCUP Central Distributor can also help with questions concerning HCUP database purchases, your current order, training certificate codes, or invoices, if your questions are not covered in the Purchasing FAQs on the HCUP Central Distributor website.

HCUP User Support:

Information about the content of the HCUP databases is available on the HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov). If you have questions about using the HCUP databases, software tools, supplemental files, and other HCUP products, please review the HCUP Frequently Asked Questions or contact HCUP User Support:

 

WHAT IS THE NATIONWIDE READMISSIONS DATABASE (NRD)?

 

  • The Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) is a database of all-payer hospital inpatient stays that can be used to examine national estimates of readmissions. Outcomes of interest include national readmission rates, reasons for returning to the hospital for care, and the hospital costs for discharges with and without readmissions.

  • The NRD addresses a large gap in healthcare data—the lack of nationally representative information on hospital readmissions for all types of payers and the uninsured. The NRD is designed to be flexible to various types of analyses of readmissions. Criteria to determine the relationship between multiple hospital admissions for an individual patient in a calendar year is left to the analyst using the NRD.

  • The NRD is drawn from HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID) containing verified patient linkage numbers that can be used to track a person across hospitals within a State, while adhering to strict privacy guidelines. Unweighted, the NRD contains data from approximately 14 million discharges each year. Weighted, it estimates roughly 36 million discharges in the United States.

  • There are 21 HCUP Partner States that contributed to the 2013 NRD: Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. These States are geographically dispersed and account for 49.3 percent of the total U.S. resident population and 49.1 percent of all U.S. hospitalizations.

  • The NRD is a publicly available database that can be purchased through the HCUP Central Distributor. The NRD is available only for data year 2013.

  • Users must complete the HCUP Data Use Agreement Training Course prior to receiving the data.

 

Return to Introduction

 

 

UNDERSTANDING THE NRD

 

  • This document, Introduction to the NRD, 2013, summarizes the content of the NRD and describes the development of the 2013 NRD sample and weights.

  • Important considerations for data analysis are highlighted and references to further resources are provided.

  • In-depth documentation for the NRD is available on the HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nrd/nrddbdocumentation.jsp). Please refer to detailed documentation before using the data.

HEALTHCARE COST AND UTILIZATION PROJECT — HCUP
A FEDERAL-STATE-INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP IN HEALTH DATA

Sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality



HCUP NATIONWIDE READMISSIONS DATABASE (NRD)

ABSTRACT

The Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) is part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) that is sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). The NRD addresses a large gap in healthcare data - the lack of nationally representative information on hospital readmissions for all types of payers and the uninsured. The NRD was created to enable analyses of national readmission rates and to support public health professionals, administrators, policymakers, and clinicians in their decision making.

The NRD is drawn from HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID) that contain reliable, verified patient linkage numbers that can be used to track a person across hospitals within a State, while adhering to strict privacy guidelines. The 2013 NRD is constructed from 21 SID. These States are geographically dispersed and account for 49.3 percent of the total U.S. resident population and 49.1 percent of all U.S. hospitalizations. See Appendix A, Table 1 for a list of data organizations participating in the NRD.

The NRD includes community hospitals, excluding rehabilitation or long-term acute care hospitals. All discharges from the SID are included except the following:

After exclusions, the 2013 NRD contains about 85 percent of SID discharges from the participating states. Unweighted, the NRD contains approximately 14 million discharges each year. Weighted, it estimates roughly 36 million discharges in the United States.

The NRD is designed to be flexible to various types of analyses of national readmissions for all types of payers and the uninsured. The criteria to determine the relationship between multiple hospital admissions for an individual patient is left to the analyst using the NRD. Outcomes of interest include national readmission rates, reasons for returning to the hospital for care, and the hospital costs for discharges with and without readmissions. The NRD is not designed to support regional, State-, or hospital-specific readmission analyses.

Access to the NRD is open to users who sign a Nationwide Databases Data Use Agreement (DUA). Uses are limited to research and aggregate statistical reporting. For more information on the NRD, visit the AHRQ-sponsored HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov.

 

Return to Introduction

 

INTRODUCTION TO THE NATIONWIDE READMISSIONS DATABASE (NRD)

 

Overview of NRD Data

The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) was created to enable analyses of national readmission rates and to support public health professionals, administrators, policymakers, and clinicians in their decision making. Reducing hospital readmission rates is a key strategy for improving the quality of healthcare while containing cost. The NRD is designed to be flexible to various types of readmission analyses. The database includes discharges for patients with and without repeat hospital visits in a year and those who have died in the hospital. Repeat visits may or may not be related. The criteria to determine the relationship between hospital admissions is left to the analyst using the NRD.

States Included in the NRD

In their SID, some HCUP Partner organizations provided synthetic patient linkage numbers that can be used to track patients within and across hospitals in a particular State. Unique combinations of the patient linkage number and the patient's date of birth and sex constituted a verified patient linkage number.

States selected for the NRD have verified patient linkage numbers on at least 90 percent of adult discharges. From these States, the NRD included discharges from patients aged 1 year and older. Discharges aged 0 were only retained from States that had verified patient linkage numbers on more than 90 percent of discharges aged 0. Appendix A, Table 1 identifies the statewide data organizations that contribute to the NRD. Appendix A, Figure 1 displays the geographic distribution of the 21 HCUP Partner organizations participating in the 2013 NRD. Based on U.S. Census Bureau data, the 2013 NRD accounts for 49.3 percent of the U.S. population and 49.1 percent of U.S. hospitalizations reported in the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey Database.

Hospitals Included in the NRD

The SID contains inpatient discharges for all hospitals provided by the HCUP Partners (e.g., community, specialty, and Federal hospitals). The American Hospital Association (AHA) defines community hospitals as "all non-Federal, short-term, general, and other specialty hospitals, excluding hospital units of institutions." Specialty hospitals included in the AHA definition of community hospitals are obstetrics-gynecology, ear-nose-throat, short-term rehabilitation, orthopedic, pediatric institutions, and long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities. Also included are public hospitals and academic medical centers.

The NRD is limited to data from community hospitals that are not rehabilitation or LTAC facilities. Noncommunity hospitals were excluded because of inconsistent capture of data across HCUP States. We excluded rehabilitation or LTAC hospitals because they treat a unique patient population that has longer stays and higher costs. Information on the percentage of SID discharges excluded by type of exclusion is provided in Appendix A, Table 2. Details on the number of hospitals in the NRD are provided in Appendix A, Table 3.

Discharges Included in the NRD

All SID discharges from selected States and hospitals were included, with a few exceptions. Records with missing or unverified patient linkage numbers were excluded from the NRD. All discharges aged 0 from SID records with verified patient linkage numbers on less than 90 percent of discharges were excluded.

Another concern was verified patient linkage numbers that did not appear to track an individual within the year for the following reasons:

  1. Extraordinary utilization in the year, defined as 20 or more admissions in a calendar year
  2. Multiple discharges for the same identifier that showed the patient discharged dead from one admission and then admitted at a later date in the year
  3. Overlapping hospitalizations for the same patient linkage number at the same or different hospitals.

Discharges for patient linkage numbers considered questionable because of these three criteria were excluded from the NRD.

Discharge-specific exclusions such as the removal of unverified, missing, or questionable patient linkage numbers impacted individual hospitals if they had more than 50 percent of their annual discharges excluded. These hospitals were not good candidates for a readmission analysis because too many of their discharges could not be tracked over time, and were therefore excluded from the NRD. Information on the percentage of SID discharges excluded by type of exclusion is provided in Appendix A, Table 2.

There were no exclusions for certain types of patients or clinical conditions. Therefore, we included conditions such as childbirth that generally do not result in a readmission. We retained discharges that resulted in an in-hospital death because these were possible readmission records. We also included discharges for residents and nonresidents of the State in which they were treated. Although most patients seek treatment at hospitals in their State of residence, there are occasions when patients are treated at hospitals in another State. Hospitals that specialize in a certain types of care may attract patients from across the United States. In addition, hospitals near State borders frequently treat patients that reside in neighboring States. The data element RESIDENT identifies a discharge as a resident of the State in which he or she received hospital care. Details on the number of discharges in the NRD are provided in Appendix A, Table 3.

Hospital administrative databases like the NRD and SID are "discharge-level" files, meaning that each record represents one discharge abstract from an inpatient stay. If a patient visits the hospital multiple times in a given year, the SID includes separate records for each inpatient stay. In addition, if a patient is transferred between hospitals within the State, the SID contain two discharge records, one record from the first hospitalization and a second record from the latter hospitalization.1 Readmission analyses do not usually allow the hospitalization at the receiving hospital to be counted as a readmission. To eliminate this possibility, we collapsed the pairs of records representing a transfer into a single "combined" record in the NRD and removed the original separate discharge records from the NRD. We defined transfer records as having all of the following characteristics:

We defined a discharge as a same-day stay if the discharge date for one inpatient stay was the same as the admission date of a second stay for the same patient (same as transfers), but there was no indication of a transfer by the discharge disposition or admission source. Same-day stays may or may not have involved different hospitals. Same-day stays may indicate that a patient was discharged too soon and then needed to be returned to the hospital on the same day. However, it was also possible that these were transfer records with an incorrect or missing discharge disposition and admission source. A more detailed description of the methodology used to identify and combine transfer and same-day stays is provided in Appendix B.

 

Return to Introduction

Summary of Hospitals and Discharges Included in the NRD

The NRD includes community hospitals and excludes the following types of hospitals:

All discharges from included hospitals were retained in the NRD with the following exceptions:

Information on the percentage of SID discharges excluded by type of exclusion is provided in Appendix A, Table 2. There were no exclusions for certain types of patients or clinical conditions. Discharges that resulted in an in-hospital death were included because these were possible readmission records. Discharges for residents and nonresidents of the State in which they were treated were also included. In addition, pairs of discharge records representing transfers (i.e., one discharge record from the sending hospital and one discharge record from the receiving hospital) were collapsed into a single record so that the hospitalization at the receiving hospital could not be counted as a readmission. Details on the number of States, hospitals, and discharges in the NRD are provided in Appendix A, Table 3.

State-Specific Restrictions

Some sources that contributed data to the NRD imposed restrictions on the release of certain data elements or discharges that could be included in the database. In addition, because of confidentiality laws, some data sources were prohibited from providing HCUP with discharge records that indicated specific medical conditions, such as HIV/AIDS or behavioral health. Detailed information on these State-specific restrictions is available in Appendix C.

File Structure of the NRD

The NRD includes three discharge-level files and one hospital-level file:

NRD Data Elements

The coding of data elements in the NRD is consistent with other HCUP databases. The following three objectives guided the definition of data elements in all HCUP databases:

More information on the coding of HCUP data elements is available on the HCUP User Support (HCUP-US) website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/coding.jsp).

The NRD contains more than 100 clinical and non-clinical variables provided in a hospital discharge abstract, such as:

 

Return to Introduction

 

Appendix D identifies the data elements in each NRD file:

The tables in Appendix D provide summary documentation for the data. Please refer to the NRD documentation located on the HCUP-US website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov) for comprehensive information about data elements and the files.

Getting Started

The NRD is an extremely large database that requires sophisticated statistical software for analysis. The following computer properties are needed in order to load and analyze the NRD data:

The total size of the comma-separated version (CSV) of the NRD is 10 GB. The NRD files loaded into SAS are about 12 GB. In SAS, the largest use of space typically occurs during a sort, which requires work space about three times the size of the file. Thus, the NRD files would require at least 36 GB of available workspace to perform a sort. Most SAS data steps will require twice the storage of the file, so that both the input and output files can coexist. The NRD files loaded into SPSS are under 23 GB. Because Stata loads the entire file into memory, it may not be possible to load every data element in the NRD Core file into Stata. Stata users will need to maximize memory and use the "_skip" option to select a subset of variables. More details are provided in the Stata load programs.

With a file of this size and without careful planning, space could easily become a problem in a multi-step program. It is not unusual to have several versions of a file marking different steps while preparing it for analysis, and there may be more versions for the actual analyses. Therefore, the amount of space required could escalate rapidly.

Copying and Decompressing the Comma-Delimitated Files

The NRD is distributed as CSV files compressed with SecureZIP® from PKWARE. To copy and decompress the NRD files from the DVD, the following steps are outlined:

  1. Create a directory for the NRD on the hard drive.
  2. Unzip each compressed file from the DVD, saving it into a new directory using a third-party zip utility such as ZIP Reader, WinZip, or 7-Zip. You will be prompted to enter the encryption password (sent separately by e-mail) to decrypt each file. Please note that attempts to unzip files using Windows will produce an error message similar to the following: "Compressed (Zipped) Folders Error. The password you typed is not correct. Try typing it again." The solution is to use a third-party zip utility such as ZIP Reader, 7-Zip, or WinZip rather than the built-in Windows Explorer function to open the archive. ZIP Reader may be downloaded for free at https://www.pkware.com/zip-reader. 7-Zip can be downloaded for free at http://www.7-zip.org/. Evaluation versions of WinZip may be downloaded from the WinZip website at www.winzip.com.

Downloading and Running the Load Programs

Programs to load the data into SAS, SPSS, or Stata, are available on the HCUP User Support website (HCUP-US). These steps are used to download and run the load programs:

  1. Go to the NRD Database Documentation page on HCUP-US at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nrd/nrddbdocumentation.jsp.
  2. Go to the "Load Programs" section on this page.
  3. Click on "SAS Load Programs", "SPSS Load Programs", or "Stata Load Programs" to go to the corresponding Load Programs page.
  4. Select and download the load programs. They are specific to the data year. For example, the load program for the 2013 NRD Core file is linked to "Core File" under "2013 NRD". Save the load programs into the same directory as the NRD CSV files on the computer.
  5. Edit and run the load programs as appropriate for the environment, to load and save the analysis files. For example, add directory paths for the input and output files as needed.

NRD Documentation

Comprehensive documentation for the NRD files is available on the HCUP-US website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nrd/nrddbdocumentation.jsp). Users of the NRD can access complete file documentation, including variable notes, file layouts, and summary statistics. Similarly, data users can download SAS, SPSS, and Stata load programs. These important resources help the user understand the structure and content of the NRD and aid in using the database.

To locate the NRD documentation on HCUP-US, the user is instructed to:

Appendix A, Table 4 details the comprehensive NRD documentation available on HCUP-US.

 

Return to Introduction

 

HCUP Online Tutorials

For additional assistance, AHRQ has created the HCUP Online Tutorial Series, a series of free, interactive courses that provide training on technical methods for conducting research with HCUP data. Topics include an HCUP Overview Course and these tutorials that are helpful to NRD data users:

Other tutorials about the design or use of other HCUP databases also are available. The Online Tutorial Series is located on the HCUP-US website at http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/tech_assist/tutorials.jsp.

HCUP Methods Series Reports on Readmission Methodology

HCUP has created two Methods Series reports that provide additional information readmissions:

 

Return to Introduction

 

SAMPLING DESIGN OF THE NRD

The NRD was built to facilitate analyses of both all-cause and condition-specific readmissions. National estimates can be created by applying weighting and stratification methods.

Target Universe

The target universe was limited to inpatient discharges treated at community hospitals in the United States that were not rehabilitation or LTAC facilities. Information on the target universe was available from the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey of Hospitals. The AHA Survey includes information on the number of inpatient discharges and hospital characteristics such as ownership, number of beds, and location

Sampling Frame

The sampling frame for the NRD was limited to discharges for patients treated at community hospitals in the NRD States that were not rehabilitation or LTAC facilities. All of the discharges in the sampling frame were included making the NRD a sample of convenience. Sampling discharges or hospitals was not recommended because the sample needed to balance the database's ability to estimate readmissions for common conditions such as chronic illnesses with the ability to estimate readmissions for rare diseases such as sickle cell anemia. Developing the database using a 100 percent sample allows researchers to study both all-cause and condition-specific readmissions.

Discharge Weights

This section explains the need for post-stratification for weighting the sampling frame to the target universe and the weighting strategy. We use the term post-stratification because the stratification was performed after sampling. Discharge weights for national estimates were developed using the target universe as the standard. Although we calculated discharge-level weights for the NRD, we did not calculate hospital-level weights. The NRD is not designed to support hospital-specific analyses. The NRD was a 100 percent sample of discharges, not hospitals; hospital weights were not applicable.

Post-Stratification for Weighting

Post-stratification for the purpose of weighting allowed us to compensate for any over- or under-represented types of hospitals and discharges in the sampling frame (the NRD) with respect to the distribution in the target universe (AHA data). The NRD was post-stratified by hospital and patient characteristics. We knew from the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) design that the following hospital characteristics explained significant differences in inpatient outcomes: census region, urban/rural location, hospital teaching status, size of the hospital defined by the number of beds, and hospital control.5

We had excluded discharges with unverified and missing patient linkage numbers because these patients cannot be tracked across time. In an examination of the distribution of patient age and sex between discharges with verified and unverified/missing patient linkage numbers, we determined that the majority of the unverified discharges (52.7 percent) were females aged 18-44 years old. In addition, we compared 30-day all-cause readmission rates in 2011 by age-sex categories across States and saw variation between SID with a high percentage of verified patient linkage numbers and States with a lower percentage of verified patient linkage numbers. These analyses demonstrated that there were differences between discharges with and without patient linkage numbers by sex and age. Therefore, the NRD was also post-stratified by sex and five age groups (0, 1-17, 18-44, 45-64, and 65 and older).

 

Return to Introduction

 

Weighting

We based the discharge counts by stratum for the target universe totals on all SID discharges from all HCUP Partners, unless there were missing hospitals. If there were hospitals missing from the stratum according to the AHA, then the target universe total included SID discharges for all available hospitals plus the AHA discharge counts for the missing hospitals. This approach was consistent with the NIS and took advantage of the fact that the SID included over 95 percent of discharges from community hospitals that are not rehabilitation or LTAC hospitals in the United States. Discharge counts for the sampling frame were based on the NRD discharges (after the exclusion of States, hospitals, and discharges). To determine discharge-level weights, we summarized the number of discharges for the target universe and sampling frame by stratum defined by hospital characteristics (census region, urban/rural location, hospital teaching status, size of the hospital defined by the number of beds, and hospital control) and patient characteristics (sex and five age groups [0, 1-17, 18-44, 45-64, and 65 and older]). Within each stratum, s, each NRD inpatient admission received a weight:

DISCWTi,j = Ns(universe)i,j ÷ Ns(sample)i,j

where Ns(universe)i,j represents the number of inpatient admissions at community hospitals that were not a rehabilitation or LTAC hospital in the universe within stratum s for sex i and age group j; Ns(sample)i,j is the number of inpatient admissions in the sampling frame for sex i and age group j. Age group j included ages 0, 1-17, 18-44, 45-64, 65 and older. Therefore, each discharge's weight (DISCWTi,j) is equal to the number of inpatient admissions it represents in stratum s for sex i and age group j during that year.

To improve reliability of the age distribution of the SID discharges, we collapsed the strata prior to the weight calculations such that we included at least two SID hospitals and at least 100 discharges from the SID in each stratum. In addition, we collapsed the strata to include at least two hospitals in the sample frame. We first collapsed the stratum across control/ownership, combining either the two private designations or all three types of control (public, private not-for-profit, and private for-profit). If the stratum combined across control still lacked a sufficient number of hospitals or discharges, then the location category was collapsed. Small and large metropolitan areas are combined or micropolitan and rural areas combined. Lastly, if the stratum still lacked a sufficient number of hospitals or discharges, then the bed-size category was collapsed with large and medium hospitals combined. There was no collapsing of strata across region or teaching status. In addition, we adjusted weights if a hospital was missing data for one or more quarters in the year. The range of weights by age and sex are provided in Appendix A, Table 5.

 

Return to Introduction

 

Final NRD Sample

The NRD is an annual file constructed using one calendar year of discharge data. Included discharges were treated at community hospitals (excluding rehabilitation or LTAC hospitals) for which the majority of their discharges had patient linkage numbers that were verified and not questionable. Discharge weights were calculated using post-stratification on hospital characteristics (census region, urban-rural location, teaching status, bed size, and hospital control) and patient characteristics (sex and five age groups [0, 1-17, 18-44, 45-64, and 65 and older]). The target universe of inpatient discharges in the United States was estimated for each stratum using SID total discharges augmented by AHA discharge counts when hospitals were not reported in the SID. Details on the number of States, hospitals, and discharges in the NRD are provided in Appendix A, Table 3. The range of discharge weights by age and sex are provided in Appendix A, Table 5. The NRD is designed to be flexible to various types of analyses of national readmissions. The NRD is not designed to support regional, State- or hospital-specific readmission analyses.

Limitations of the NRD

The NRD contains over 14 million inpatient discharge records and over 100 clinical and non-clinical data elements. A multitude of research studies can be conducted with the data, but there are some limitations.

 

Return to Introduction

 

HOW TO USE THE NRD FOR READMISSION ANALYSES

This section provides a brief synopsis of special considerations for using the NRD. For more details, refer to the comprehensive documentation on the HCUP-US website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nrd/nrddbdocumentation.jsp).

All persons using the NRD (whether or not they are the original recipient of the data) must complete the online Data Use Agreement Training Tool available on the HCUP-US website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/tech_assist/dua.jsp) and then read and sign a Data Use Agreement. A copy of the signed Data Use Agreements must be sent to the HCUP Central Distributor. See page 2 of this document for the mailing address.

NRD Data Elements Critical to Tracking a Patient and Determining the Time Between Admissions

For any readmission analysis of inpatient stays, three HCUP data elements are critical to tracking a patient and determining the time between admissions: NRD_VisitLink, NRD_DaysToEvent, and LOS (length of stay).

Patient Linkage Number (NRD_VisitLink)

NRD_VisitLink is the linkage variable for all inpatient stays associated with a unique patient. All discharges in the NRD include a value for NRD_VisitLink. The value was assigned based on a unique combination of the synthetic patient linkage number provided by the HCUP Partner, date of birth, and sex. No verified patient linkage number was assigned if any one of the three pieces of information was missing. Because of discharge-level exclusions, NRD_VisitLink is always coded on records in the NRD.

Although the term patient linkage number is used to describe the information in the NRD data element NRD_VisitLink, the values are not recognizable as specific patient information. NRD_VisitLink does not include the values of the encrypted person's social security number, date of birth, or sex.

Time Between Admissions (NRD_DaysToEvent and LOS)

NRD_DaysToEvent is the number of days from a randomly chosen "start date" to the admission date for each patient's discharge. The actual admission and discharge dates could not be included on the NRD because they were considered highly sensitive information according to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) guidelines. The coding scheme for NRD_DaysToEvent was designed to adhere to these strict privacy guidelines and protect patient confidentiality.

Each verified patient linkage number (NRD_VisitLink) was assigned a unique start date that was used to calculate NRD_DaysToEvent for all visits associated with that NRD_VisitLink value. The variable NRD_DaysToEvent was the difference between the visit's admission date and the start date associated with the NRD_VisitLink. NRD_DaysToEvent was reported as missing if the admission date was unavailable.

For readmission analyses, determining the number of days between the end of one admission and the start of the next admission is critical. We did not include any single data element specific to this timing difference in the NRD because the calculation is dependent on which two discharges are of interest for the readmission study. For example, a study of readmissions for diabetes might only consider the number of days between two diabetes discharges, whereas a study of post-surgery infections might consider any discharge in 30 days.

Because NRD_DaysToEvent was based on the admission date, the calculation of days needs to be the difference of NRD_DaysToEvent between two selected discharges for a unique verified patient linkage number (NRD_VisitLink), adjusted for the length of stay. Consider the following example:

If NRD_DaysToEvent or LOS was missing, then it was not possible to determine the number of days to a subsequent admission. We considered removing the discharges with missing NRD_DaysToEvent and LOS from the NRD, but these data elements were very rarely missing. LOS was only critical if it was missing on the first admission in a series. If the admission was the second in the series, then LOS was not pertinent.

The lowest value of NRD_DaysToEvent is the earliest inpatient stay in the year for a patient. It is important to remember that if patient A has a value of 605 for NRD_DaysToEvent and patient B has a value of 300 for NRD_DaysToEvent, patient B's hospital stay did not necessarily take place prior to patient A's stay. In fact, Patient B's NRD_DaysToEvent value has no relation to Patient A's NRD_DaysToEvent value. Because of the use of a random start date in the calculation of NRD_DaysToEvent, the value of NRD_DaysToEvent cannot be compared across patients.

Additional information about the HCUP revisit variables is available on the HCUP User Support website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/revisit/revisit.jsp).

Defining Readmissions

The NRD was designed to support many different types of readmission analyses. Analysts can use the information contained in the NRD to define the index event and readmission specific to their topic of interest. Common terminology is first defined:

The NRD was designed to support many different types of readmission analyses. Analysts can use the information contained in the NRD to define the index event and readmission specific to their topic of interest. We discuss the following analytic considerations for defining index events and readmissions:

 

Return to Introduction

 

Defining the Index Event

The index event is typically defined by a combination of clinical criteria. Inclusion and exclusion criteria should be used to define an index event indicator that identifies NRD discharges as an index event specific to the analysis of interest. The NRD did not include a variable for index events because they are specific to each analysis. The NRD included the information necessary to define different types of index events.

Criteria can include, but are not limited to, age of the patient and specific diagnoses and/or procedures. The NRD contained various data elements that can be used for inclusion criteria:

Possible exclusion criteria include the following:

The annual NRD files include inpatient stays that were discharged in that data year. For example, the 2013 NRD includes admissions that began in 2012 and were discharged in 2013. In contrast, we did not include admissions that began later in 2013 and extended into 2014 in the 2013 NRD. About one percent of discharges in the NRD started in the previous year; therefore, we expected that we were missing about one percent of admissions that started in 2013 and were subsequently discharged in 2014. This will be true for each year of the NRD.

Deciding which months should be excluded when qualifying an index event depends on the time that will be allowed for a readmission. For example, if studying 30-day readmissions, the index event might be limited to those occurring in the discharge months of January through November. That allows the month of December for 30 days of follow-up. Although it would be advantageous to be able to select a more specific date for a cut-off, patient confidentially concerns limited the available information on the admission and discharge dates to discharge month (data element DMONTH) and discharge year (data element YEAR).

Specifying the Criteria for a Readmission

Readmission analyses tend to consider one of the following: any subsequent admission regardless of cause, any subsequent admission that does not involve trauma, or any subsequent admission only if the event is "related" to the index event. In addition, a study may consider all readmissions within a time period or just the first readmission. The selection of criteria can dramatically change results. More information on how the results can change is available in an HCUP Method Series report on Methodological Issues when Studying Readmissions and Revisits Using Hospital Administrative Data.9

The NRD includes a number of different diagnosis and procedure-related variables that can be used to examine why a patient returned for hospital care. The NRD does not identify any discharge as a readmission; instead, we include the information necessary to select the appropriate readmission discharges in the NRD. Inclusion and exclusion criteria should be used to define a readmission indicator that identifies NRD discharges as readmissions specific to the analysis of interest.

Selecting the Time Period for Revisits

When determining an appropriate time period for the readmission, considerations include selecting a time that encompasses the same risk of exposure to all patients, seasonality of the disease, and possible external factors. Shorter time frames (7 or 14 days) are often used to make events attributable to hospital acute care; longer time frames may reflect differences in ambulatory care and/or coordination of care.

Reporting Rates of Readmission

Although the definition of readmission rate—number of readmissions divided by number of cases followed— seems simple, our research into readmission rates showed no standard definition. In some cases, the unit of observation was a patient; in others, the unit of observation was index events, and individual patients were counted more than once. Some studies focused on the first readmission following an index event, whereas others counted all readmissions. The definitions of the readmission rate were specific to the purpose of the analyses.

Severity or risk adjustment may also be beneficial when comparing readmission rates across geographical regions, hospital types, or different patient populations. A simple risk adjustment would include the age and sex of the patient. A more complex adjustment might also include comorbidites, severity classified by the 3M All-Patient Refined DRG severity score, patient income quartile, or any other factor that could considerably increase or decrease the risk of subsequent hospital care. The NRD included variables to support these types of analyses in the Core, Severity, and Diagnosis and Procedure Groups files.

Calculating Nationally Weighted Estimates

An analyst using the NRD must use the discharge-level weight DISCWT to produce national estimates. Weighted statistics estimate discharges treated at community hospitals (excluding rehabilitation and LTAC facilities) in the United States.

Variance Calculations

It may be important for researchers to calculate a measure of precision for national estimates based on the NRD. Variance estimates must take into account both the sampling design and the form of the statistic. It is important to understand that the NRD is a sample of convenience from the SID and not a sample of hospitals or discharges. Standard error calculations should take into account the stratified sample (data element NRD_STRATUM) and hospitals defining the clusters (data element HOSP_NRD). One resource for understanding the issues surrounding variance calculations for the NRD is the HCUP Methods Series report #2010-05 Inferences with HCUP State Databases Final Report on the HCUP-US website (http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/).

To accurately calculate variances from the NRD, appropriate statistical software and techniques must be used. A multitude of statistics can be estimated from the NRD data. Several computer programs that calculate statistics and their variances from sample survey data are listed in the next section. Some of these programs use general methods of variance calculations (e.g., the jackknife and balanced half-sample replications) that take into account the sampling design. However, it may be desirable to calculate variances using formulas specifically developed for certain statistics.

These variance calculations are based on finite-sample theory, which is an appropriate method for obtaining cross-sectional, nationwide estimates of outcomes. According to finite-sample theory, the intent of the estimation process is to obtain estimates that are precise representations of the nationwide population at a specific point in time. In the context of the NRD, any estimates that attempt to accurately describe readmissions during a specific year should be governed by finite-sample theory. Examples would be estimates of expenditure and utilization patterns.

Computer Software for Weighted and Variance Calculations

The NRD discharge weights are needed to calculate national estimates of readmission counts and rates. In most cases, computer programs are readily available to perform these calculations. Several statistical programming packages allow weighted analyses10 For example, nearly all SAS procedures incorporate weights. In addition, several statistical analysis programs have been developed to specifically calculate statistics and their standard errors from survey data. Version 8 or later of SAS contains procedures (PROC SURVEYMEANS and PROC SURVEYREG) for calculating statistics based on specific sampling designs. Stata and SUDAAN are two other common statistical software packages that perform calculations for numerous statistics arising from the stratified, single-stage cluster sampling design.

NRD READMISSION RATES REPORTED ON THE HCUPNET WEBSITE

Readmission rates generated from the NRD are available on HCUPnet, a free online query system based on data from the HCUP (https://datatools.ahrq.gov/hcupnet). We define in this section how the readmission rates are calculated for HCUPnet to provide an example of how the NRD data elements might be used to define an index event, 30-day readmission, and readmission rates. Other types of readmission analyses are possible with the NRD; this is just one of many possible applications.

For the readmission rates on HCUPnet, we defined an index event as follows:

For example, if a patient was discharged alive with a nonmissing length of stay on January 10, January 20, January 26, and March 30, all four discharges would qualify as index admissions.

For the readmission rates on HCUPnet, we defined readmissions as follows:

On HCUPnet, we defined the readmission rates as the percentage of index admissions that had at least one readmission within 30 days.

Rates were not risk adjusted.

Consider an example of the 30-day, all-cause readmission rate for any diagnosis for a patient discharged alive on January 10, January 20, January 26, and March 30. Each admission is considered an index.

The 30-day readmission rate is 50 percent, because there are two 30-day readmissions for the four index admissions.

HCUPnet can be used to query 30-day readmission rates by the following:

HCUPnet reports readmission counts, rates and costs stratified by the following characteristics of the index stay:

 

Return to Introduction

 

APPENDIX A: NRD INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

Table A.1. HCUP Partners Participating in the 2013 NRD

State HCUP Data Source
Arkansas Arkansas Department of Health
California California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
Florida Florida Agency for Health Care Administration
Georgia Georgia Hospital Association
Hawaii Hawaii Health Information Corporation
Iowa Iowa Hospital Association
Louisiana Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
Massachusetts Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis
Missouri Missouri Hospital Industry Data Institute
Nebraska Nebraska Hospital Association
New Mexico New Mexico Department of Health
Nevada Nevada Department of Health and Human Services
New York New York State Department of Health
South Carolina South Carolina Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office
South Dakota South Dakota Association of Healthcare Organizations
Tennessee Tennessee Hospital Association
Utah Utah Department of Health
Virginia Virginia Health Information
Vermont Vermont Association of Hospitals and Health Systems
Washington Washington State Department of Health
Wisconsin Wisconsin Department of Health Services

 

Return to Introduction

 

Figure A.1. HCUP States Participating in the 2013 NRD

text version

Figure A.1: Map of United States showing states participating in HCUP

Table A.2. Percentage of SID Discharges in the NRD by Type of Discharge

Type of Discharge Percentage of SID Discharges, 2013
Included in the NRD 84.72
Excluded from the NRD 15.28
Hospital-level exclusions
Noncommunity hospitals 2.54
Rehabilitation or LTAC hospitals 0.27
Discharge-level exclusions
Discharges from patients with an age of 0 (from 12 of 21 SID) 7.56
Discharges with missing or unverified patient linkage numbers 4.13
Questionable patient linkage numbers: same patient linkage number on 20 or more discharges 0.18
Questionable patient linkage numbers: patient is hospitalized after discharged dead 0.02
Questionable patient linkage numbers: overlapping inpatient stays 0.46
Discharges from hospitals with more than 50 percent of their total discharges excluded for any of the above causes 0.13

Table A.3. Summary of NRD States, Hospitals, and Inpatient Stays

Year States Number of States for Discharges Aged 1 and Older Number of States for Discharges Aged 0 Number of Hospitals Number of Discharges in the NRD, Unweighted Number of Discharges in the NRD, Weighted
2013 AR, CA, FL, GA, HI, IA, LA, MA, MO, NE, NM, NV, NY, SC, SD,TN, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI 21 9 2,006 14,325,172 35,580,348

 

Return to Introduction

 

Table A.4. NRD-Related Reports and Database Documentation Available on HCUP-US

Description of the NRD Files

  • Introduction to the NRD, 2013 (this document) and prior years
  • HCUP Quality Control Procedures - describes procedures used to assess data quality
  • File Specifications - details data file names, number of records, record length, and record layout
Restrictions on the Use of the NRD

  • Data Use Agreement for the HCUP Nationwide Databases
  • Requirements for publishing with HCUP data
Load Programs

  • SAS Load Programs
  • SPSS Load Programs
  • Stata Load Programs
Description of Data Elements in the NRD

  • Description of Data Elements - details uniform coding and State-specific idiosyncrasies
  • Availability of Data Elements by Year - lists which data elements are available each year
Additional Resources for NRD Data Elements

  • Summary Statistics - lists means and frequencies on nearly all data elements
  • HCUP Coding Practices - describes how HCUP data elements are coded
  • HCUP Hospital Identifiers - explains data elements that characterize individual hospitals
HCUP Tools: Labels and Formats

  • Overview of Clinical Classifications Software (CCS)
  • Format programs to create value labels
    • DRG formats
    • HCUP formats
    • HCUP diagnoses and procedure groups, including CCS categories
    • ICD-9-CM formats
    • ICD-10-CM format
NRD-Related Reports

  • HCUP reports related to readmissions analyses

Table A.5. Range of Discharge Weights by Patient Age and Sex

Patient Age and Sex Discharge Weight, 2013
Minimum Average Across Stata Maximum
Males
Age 0 1.07 7.53 31.90
Age 0-17 1.04 3.89 18.48
Age 18-44 1.13 2.88 11.33
Age 45-64 1.10 2.83 10.58
Age 65 and older 1.07 2.83 11.81
Females
Age 0 1.07 7.66 35.30
Age 0-17 1.04 3.55 11.28
Age 18-44 1.06 2.67 7.53
Age 45-64 1.09 2.78 9.83
Age 65 and older 1.06 2.83 11.68

 

Return to Introduction

 

APPENDIX B: HANLDING OF TRANSFERS AND SAME-DAY STAYS

Hospital administrative databases like the NRD and SID are "discharge-level" files, meaning that each record represents one discharge abstract from an inpatient stay. If a patient visits the hospital multiple times in a given year, the SID includes separate records for each inpatient stay. In addition, if a patient is transferred between hospitals within the State, the SID contain two discharge records, one record from the first hospitalization and a second record from the latter hospitalization.11

Defining Transfers and Same-Day Events

Readmission analyses do not usually allow the hospitalization at the receiving hospital to be counted as a readmission. To eliminate this possibility, we collapsed the pairs of records representing a transfer into a single "combined" record in the NRD and removed the original separate discharge records from the NRD. We defined transfer records as having all of the following characteristics:

We defined a discharge as a same-day stay if the discharge date for one inpatient stay was the same as the admission date of a second stay for the same patient (same as transfers), but there was no indication of a transfer by the discharge disposition or admission source. Same-day stays may or may not have involved different hospitals. Same-day stays may indicate that a patient was discharged too soon and then needed to be returned to the hospital on the same day. However, it was also possible that these were transfer records with an incorrect or missing discharge disposition and admission source.

We collapsed records that were part of transfers and same-day stays into a single combined record. These combined records account for about three percent of records in the NRD and are identified by the data element SAMEDAYEVENT. The value of SAMEDAYEVENT is defined as follows:

Please note that if a patient had a discharge disposition of transfer and an admission source that also indicated a transfer, but the discharge date of the first stay did not equal the admission date of the second stay (e.g., the patient was admitted the next day because the transfer occurred at night), the two records are not considered a transfer in the NRD.

Creating a Combined Transfer Record

Combining information across transfer and same-day stay records required specific rules for how to handle different types of information on the pairs of records. We first ordered the pairs of records by earliest occurrence in the year. The different scenarios described below detail how we combined different types of information:

 

Return to Introduction

 

APPENDIX C: STATE-SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS

The table below enumerates the types of restrictions applied to the Nationwide Readmissions Database. Restrictions include the following types:

For each restriction type the data sources are listed alphabetically by State. Only data sources that have restrictions are included. Data sources that do not have restrictions are not included.

Table C.1. State-Specific Restrictions

Confidentiality of Records
Restricted release of patient's age in years to ensure patient confidentiality:
  • Age (AGE) values greater than 90 are set to age 90 in the NRD.
Missing Discharges for Specific Populations of Patients
The following data sources may be missing discharge records for specific populations of patients:
  • At least one Partner prohibits the release of discharge records for patients with HIV diagnoses.
  • At least one Partner prohibits the release of behavioral health including chemical dependency care or psychiatric care discharges.
  • At least one Partner prohibits the release of inpatient records that were discharged from Alternative Level of Care units of the hospital (e.g., skilled nursing or swing bed units).
  • At least one Partner prohibits the release of abortion discharges.

 

Return to Introduction

 

APPENDIX D: NRD DATA ELEMENTS AND CODES

Table D.1. Data Elements in the NRD Core File

Category Data Element Name Description
Admission/Discharge AWEEKEND Admission on weekend: (0) admission on Monday-Friday, (1) admission on Saturday-Sunday
DIED Indicates in-hospital death: (0) did not die during hospitalization, (1) died during hospitalization
DISPUNIFORM Disposition of patient, uniform coding: (1) routine, (2) transfer to short term hospital, (5) other transfers, including skilled nursing facility, intermediate care, and another type of facility, (6) home healthcare, (7) against medical advice, (20) died in hospital, (99) discharged alive, destination unknown
DQTR Coded: (1) Jan-Mar, (2) Apr-Jun, (3) Jul-Sep, (4) Oct-Dec
ELECTIVE Indicates elective admission: (1) elective, (0) nonelective admission
HCUP_ED Indicator that discharge record includes evidence of emergency department (ED) services: (0) record does not meet any HCUP ED criteria, (1) ED revenue code was on SID record, (2) ED charge reported on SID record, (3) ED CPT procedure code on SID record, (4) other indication of ED services
YEAR Discharge year
Clinical Information DRG DRG in use on discharge date
DRG_NoPOA DRG assignment made without the use of the present on admission flags for the diagnoses
DRGVER Grouper version in use on discharge date
DX1-DX25 Diagnoses, principal and secondary (ICD-9-CM)
DXCCS1-DXCCS25 CCS category for all diagnoses
E_CCS1-E_CCS4 CCS category for all External cause of injury codes
ECODE1-ECODE4 External causes of injury codes (ICD-9-CM)
MDC MDC in use on discharge date
MDC_NoPOA MDC assignment made without the use of the present on admission flags for the diagnoses
NCHRONIC Number of chronic conditions
NDX Number of diagnoses coded
NECODE Number of external causes of injury codes coded
NPR Number of procedures coded
ORPROC Major operating room procedure indicator: (1) major operating room procedure reported on discharge record, (0) no major operating room procedure reported on discharge record
PR1-PR15 Procedures, principal and secondary (ICD-9-CM)
PRCCS1-PRCCS15 CCS category for all procedures
NRD Identifiers HOSP_NRD NRD hospital identifier specific to the NRD and is not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases
KEY_NRD NRD record identifier specific to the NRD and not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases
Patient Demographics AGE Age in years coded 0-90 years; any age greater than 90 was set to 90. Missing age was imputed using other records with the same patient linkage number. Less than 1000 discharges (0.007 percent) had the age imputed.
FEMALE Indicates sex: (0) male, (1) female. Age was imputed for other records with the same patient linkage number of missing. Missing sex was imputed using other records with the same patient linkage number. Less than 10 discharges had the sex imputed.
PAY1 Expected primary payer, uniform: (1) Medicare, (2) Medicaid, (3) private insurance, (4) self-pay, (5) no charge, (6) other
PL_NCHS Patient location: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) urban-rural classification scheme for U.S. counties: (1) "Central" counties of metro areas of >=1 million population, (2) "Fringe" counties of metro areas of >=1 million population, (3) Counties in metro areas of 250,000-999,999 population, (4) Counties in metro areas of 50,000-249,999 population, (5) Micropolitan counties, (6) Not metropolitan or micropolitan counties
ZIPINC_QRTL Median household income quartiles for patient's ZIP Code. For 2013, the median income quartiles are defined as: (1) $1 - $37,999; (2) $38,000 - $47,999; (3) $48,000 - $63,999; and (4) $64,000 or more.
Readmission Specific DMONTH Discharge month coded from (1) January to (12) December
NRD_DAYSTOEVENT Count from "start date" to admission date coded differently for each value of NRD_VisitLink
NRD_VISITLINK Patient linkage number specific to the NRD and not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases
REHABTRANSFER A combined record involving transfer to rehabilitation, evaluation, or other aftercare: (1) yes, (0) no
RESIDENT Identifies patient as a resident of the State in which he or she received hospital care: (1) resident, (0) nonresident
SAMEDAYEVENT Identifies records that were combined from transfer or same-day stay pairs of records: (0) not a combined transfer or other same-day stay record, (1) combined transfer involving two discharges from different hospitals, (2) combined same-day stay involving two discharges at different hospitals, (3) combined same-day stay involving two discharges at the same hospital, (4) combined same-day stay involving three or more discharges at same or different hospitals
Resource Use LOS Length of stay, edited
TOTCHG Total charges, edited
Weighting DISCWT NRD discharge weight to be used for calculating national estimates
NRD_STRATUM NRD stratum for post-stratification based on geographic region, urban/rural location, teaching status, size of hospital based on number of beds, and control/ownership. For the confidentiality of hospitals and States, the NRD_STARTUM variable was randomly assigned into sequential numbers starting at 1.

 

Return to Introduction

 

Table D.2. Data Elements in the NRD Severity File

Category Data Element Name Description
3M APR-DRG APRDRG 3M All Patient Refined DRG
APRDRG_Risk_Mortality 3M All Patient Refined DRG: Risk of Mortality Subclass: (0) No class specified, (1) Minor likelihood of dying, (2) Moderate likelihood of dying, (3) Major likelihood of dying, (4) Extreme likelihood of dying
APRDRG_Severity 3M All Patient Refined DRG: Severity of Illness Subclass: (0) No class specified, (1) Minor loss of function (includes cases with no comorbidity or complications), (2) Moderate loss of function, (3) Major loss of function, (4) Extreme loss of function
AHRQ Comorbidity Measures CM_AIDS AHRQ comorbidity measure - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_ALCOHOL AHRQ comorbidity measure - Alcohol abuse: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_ANEMDEF AHRQ comorbidity measure - Deficiency anemias: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_ARTH AHRQ comorbidity measure - Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_BLDLOSS AHRQ comorbidity measure - Chronic blood loss anemia: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_CHF AHRQ comorbidity measure - Congestive heart failure: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_CHRNLUNG AHRQ comorbidity measure - Chronic pulmonary disease: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_COAG AHRQ comorbidity measure - Coagulopath: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_DEPRESS AHRQ comorbidity measure - Depression: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_DM AHRQ comorbidity measure - Diabetes, uncomplicated: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_DMCX AHRQ comorbidity measure - Diabetes with chronic complications: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_DRUG AHRQ comorbidity measure - Drug abuse: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_HTN_C AHRQ comorbidity measure - Hypertension, uncomplicated and complicated: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_HYPOTHY AHRQ comorbidity measure - Hypothyroidism: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_LIVER AHRQ comorbidity measure - Liver disease: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_LYMPH AHRQ comorbidity measure - Lymphoma: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_LYTES AHRQ comorbidity measure - Fluid and electrolyte disorders: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_METS AHRQ comorbidity measure - Metastatic cancer: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_NEURO AHRQ comorbidity measure - Other neurological disorders: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_OBESE AHRQ comorbidity measure - Obesity: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_PARA AHRQ comorbidity measure - Paralysis: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_PERIVASC AHRQ comorbidity measure - Peripheral vascular disorders: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_PSYCH AHRQ comorbidity measure - Psychoses: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_PULMCIRC AHRQ comorbidity measure - Pulmonary circulation disorders: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_RENLFAIL AHRQ comorbidity measure - Renal failure: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_TUMOR AHRQ comorbidity measure - Solid tumor without metastasis: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_ULCER AHRQ comorbidity measure - Peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_VALVE AHRQ comorbidity measure - Valvular disease: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
CM_WGHTLOSS AHRQ comorbidity measure - Weight loss: (1) comorbidity present, (0) comorbidity not present
NRD Identifiers HOSP_NRD NRD hospital identifier specific to the NRD and is not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases
KEY_NRD NRD record identifier specific to the NRD and not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases

 

Return to Introduction

 

Table D.3. Data Elements in the NRD Diagnosis and Procedure Groups File

Category Data Element Name Description
Clinical Information CHRON1-CHRON25 Chronic condition indicator for all diagnoses: (0) non-chronic condition, (1) chronic condition
CHRONB1-CHRONB25 Chronic Condition Indicators - body system for all diagnoses
DXMCCS1 Multi-level CCS category for principal diagnosis
E_MCCS1 Multi-level CCS category for first-listed E code
PCLASS1-PCLASS15 Procedure class for all ICD-9-CM procedures: (1) Minor Diagnostic, (2) Minor Therapeutic, (3) Major Diagnostic, (4) Major Therapeutic
PRMCCS1 Multi-level CCS category for first-listed procedure
NRD Identifiers HOSP_NRD NRD hospital identifier specific to the NRD and is not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases
KEY_NRD NRD record identifier specific to the NRD and not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases

 

Return to Introduction

 

Table D.4. Data Elements in the NRD Hospital File

Category Data Element Name Description
Admission/ Discharge YEAR Discharge year
Hospital Information H_CONTROL Control/ownership of hospital: (1) government, nonfederal [public], (2) private, not-for-profit [voluntary], (3) private, investor-owned [proprietary]
HOSP_BEDSIZE Size of hospital based on the number of beds: (1) small, (2) medium, (3) large. The categories are defined using region of the U.S., the urban-rural designation of the hospital, in addition to the teaching status.
HOSP_UR_TEACH Teaching status of hospital: (0) metropolitan non-teaching, (1) metropolitan teaching, (2) non-metropolitan
HOSP_URCAT4 Hospital urban-rural location: (1) large metropolitan areas with at least 1 million residents, (2) small metropolitan areas with less than 1 million residents, (3) micropolitan areas, (4) not metropolitan or micropolitan, (8) metropolitan, collapsed category of large and small metropolitan, (9) non-metropolitan, collapsed category of micropolitan and rural
NRD_STRATUM NRD stratum for post-stratification based on geographic region, urban/rural location, teaching status, bed size, and control. Values range from 1 to 89. Region is not identified.
NRD Identifiers HOSP_NRD NRD hospital identifier specific to the NRD and is not linkable to any other HCUP or external databases
Weighting N_DISC_U Number of discharges in the tart universe in the stratum
N_HOSP_U Number of hospitals in the target universe in the stratum
S_DISC_U Number of NRD discharges in the stratum
S_HOSP_U Number of NRD hospitals in the stratum
TOTAL_DISC Total number of discharges for this hospital in the NRD

 

Return to Introduction

 

APPENDIX E: EVALUATION OF THE DIFFERENCE IN READMISSION RATES CAUSED BY HCUP PATIENT LINKAGE NUMBERS BEING SPECIFIC TO A STATE

The HCUP revisit variables (NRD_VisitLink and NRD_DaysToEvent) that can be used to track patients across hospitalizations were created from patient linkage numbers provided by the HCUP Partners. These identifiers can only track patients across hospitals in a single State. Consider the following two illustrative examples:

  1. If a person is hospitalized in February in New York and then hospitalized in April to the same hospital or to a different hospital in New York, the HCUP revisit variables for the New York SID will be able to track the patient across the two visits.
  2. If a person is hospitalized in February in New York and then hospitalized in April to a hospital in Florida, the HCUP revisit variables for the New York SID will not track the patient between New York and Florida.

The HCUP revisit variables are specific to tracking patients hospitalized in a State, regardless of whether the patient is a resident of the State. This limitation in the HCUP revisit variables causes the readmission rates to be artificially low. Consider the following example:

The true readmission rate across these two patients is 0.40 (0.40 = 2 readmissions / 5 index events). Using only California data, the readmission rate is 0.20 (0.20 = 1 readmissions / 5 index events). Using California and Florida data combined, the readmission rate is 0.17 (0.17 = 1 readmissions / 6 index events; there are 6 index events because the readmission for patient B in Florida gets counted as an index because it cannot be tied to the hospitalization in California).

We used the 2011 Medicare Standard Analytic File (SAF) to examine the impact on readmission rates caused by having State-specific patient linkage numbers. The SAF include patient linkage numbers that follow Medicare Fee-For-Service (FFS) patients across States; therefore, they do not have the same limitations as the HCUP data. We calculated condition-specific readmission rates in two ways. The index event for both readmission rates was allowed to include resident and nonresident discharges, similar to the NRD. The index events were grouped by the AHRQ Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) category for the principal diagnosis. For the first set of readmission rates, we required that a 30-day readmission for any cause occur in the same State as the index event, similar to the NRD. For the second set of readmission rates, we allowed the 30-day readmission for any cause to occur in any State. We limited the comparison of readmission rates to CCS categories with at least 100 index events. There were 247 CCS categories and the number of index events ranged from 101 to 468,709.

The analysis of readmission rates using the 2011 Medicare FFS data demonstrated that condition-specific readmission rates were higher if a patient could be tracked across all States, but that the percentage increase was less than 5 percent for most of the CCS categories. This analysis was limited in that it focused on the Medicare FFS population. The Medicare population accounted for 40 percent of all inpatient discharges in 2011,1 and previous research indicates that this population has higher readmission rates than discharges for other payers.2 Conditions often associated with younger adults, such as pregnancy, were included in the Medicare estimates because 20 percent of Medicare discharges are under the age of 65.3 Medicare patients under the age of 65 include people who are disabled or who have been diagnosed with end-stage renal disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Given the volume and severity of illness for Medicare patients, the estimates for the increase in the condition-specific readmission rates using the Medicare data provided a reasonable upper bound on the impact. The following three tables provide more detail on specific changes in readmission rates.

Table E.1 lists the percentage increase between the two types of readmission rates for the 20 conditions with the largest number of index events. These 20 conditions represent 54 percent of the index events in the analysis. The increase in the readmission rates when we capture readmission in other States ranged from 1.9 percent for urinary tract infections to 3.7 percent for chest pain.

 

Return to Introduction

 

Table E.1. Ten Conditions with the Largest Number of Index Events, Restricting Readmissions to Within State and Across All States

Clinical Classifications Software Principal Diagnosis Category for the Index Event Number of Index Events 30-Day Readmission Rate per 100 Index Events Percentage Increase in the Readmission Rates When Patients Were Followed Across States
Readmissions Limited to the Same State as the Index Event Readmissions Considered from Any State
108: Congestive heart failure; nonhypertensive 468,709 25.05 25.70 2.6
122: Pneumonia (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 443,388 18.25 18.69 2.4
2: Septicemia (except in labor) 405,898 21.42 21.87 2.1
203: Osteoarthritis 363,295 5.57 5.70 2.2
127: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis 356,562 21.99 22.40 1.9
106: Cardiac dysrhythmias 345,225 16.73 17.27 3.3
159: Urinary tract infections 277,674 18.31 18.66 1.9
237: Complication of device; implant or graft 274,669 21.23 21.83 2.8
109: Acute cerebrovascular disease 232,510 14.73 15.23 3.4
157: Acute and unspecified renal failure 228,134 22.04 22.60 2.5
101: Coronary atherosclerosis and other heart disease 220,481 15.44 15.99 3.5
100: Acute myocardial infarction 205,949 19.66 20.41 3.8
55: Fluid and electrolyte disorders 192,425 20.33 20.81 2.4
205: Spondylosis; intervertebral disc disorders; other back problems 178,614 10.62 10.93 2.9
197: Skin and subcutaneous tissue infections 178,097 16.09 16.45 2.2
226: Fracture of neck of femur (hip) 172,566 13.89 14.19 2.2
50: Diabetes mellitus with complications 159,421 23.81 24.31 2.1
238: Complications of surgical procedures or medical care 155,584 20.50 21.08 2.9
153: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 155,410 18.75 19.27 2.8
102: Nonspecific chest pain 148,512 13.50 14.00 3.7

Table E.2 lists the 10 conditions with the largest percentage differences between the two types of readmission rates. We expect the readmission rates using discharges across all States to be higher than the readmissions restricted to the same State as the index event. Only three CCS categories had an increase of more than 10 percent in the two readmission rates, and these CCS categories had a very small numbers of index events. The other seven CCS categories had a percentage increase between 6.6 percent and 7.9 percent and also had relatively small numbers of index events.

 

Return to Introduction

 

Table E.2. Ten Conditions with the Largest Difference in Readmission Rates, Restricting Readmissions to Within State and Across All States

Clinical Classifications Software Principal Diagnosis Category for the Index Event Number of Index Events 30-Day Readmission Rate per 100 Index Events Percentage Increase in the Readmission Rates When Patients Were Followed Across States
Readmissions Limited to the Same State as the Index Event Readmissions Considered from Any State
188: Fetopelvic disproportion; obstruction 153 4.58 5.23 14.3
20: Cancer; other respiratory and intrathoracic 952 17.65 19.85 12.5
655: Mental disorders usually diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence 115 15.65 17.39 11.1
227: Spinal cord injury 2,420 17.69 19.09 7.9
185: Prolonged pregnancy 665 2.11 2.26 7.2
77: Encephalitis (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 1,945 17.22 18.46 7.2
240: Burns 4,110 16.40 17.54 7.0
213: Cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies 2,502 13.75 14.71 7.0
670: Miscellaneous disorders 3,592 13.34 14.23 6.7
96: Heart valve disorders 47,909 21.73 23.16 6.6

Table E.3 has the complete listing of readmissions rates for the 247 CCS categories. The majority of CCS categories (221 of the 247, 89.5 percent) had a percentage increase between the two types of readmission rates of less than 5 percent.

Table E.3. Readmission Rates Restricting Readmissions to Within State and Across All States, Medicare Standard Analytic File, 2011

Clinical Classifications Software Principal Diagnosis Category for the Index Event Number of Index Events 30-Day Readmission Rate per 100 Index Events Percentage Increase in the Readmission Rates When Patients Were Followed Across States
Readmissions Limited to the Same State as the Index Event Readmissions Considered from Any State
1: Tuberculosis 955 21.99 22.72 3.3
2: Septicemia (except in labor) 405,898 21.42 31.87 2.1
3: Bacterial infection; unspecified site 1,625 18.22 18.71 2.7
4: Mycoses 10,755 27.56 28.10 2.0
5: HIV infection 7,495 26.99 27.66 2.5
6: Hepatitis 10,121 35.23 36.29 3.0
7: Viral infection 14,033 16.01 16.46 2.8
8: Other infections; including parasitic 4,117 13.46 14.09 4.7
9: Sexually transmitted infections (not HIV or hepatitis) 699 14.16 14.45 2.0
10: Immunizations and screening for infectious disease 149 14.09 14.09 60.0
11: Cancer of head and neck 8,915 20.43 21.40 0.0
12: Cancer of esophagus 3,956 26.69 27.68 3.7
13: Cancer of stomach 7,171 23.79 24.68 3.8
14: Cancer of colon 37,987 17.16 17.53 2.2
15: Cancer of rectum and anus 12,496 21.26 21.68 2.0
16: Cancer of liver and intrahepatic bile duct 5,935 24.08 25.14 4.4
17: Cancer of pancreas 12,641 24.41 25.74 5.5
18: Cancer of other GI organs; peritoneum 7,043 24.00 25.27 5.3
19: Cancer of bronchus; lung 51,885 20.46 21.12 3.2
20: Cancer; other respiratory and intrathoracic 952 17.65 19.85 12.5
21: Cancer of bone and connective tissue 3,007 20.02 20.82 4.0
22: Melanomas of skin 989 13.25 13.65 3.0
23: Other non-epithelial cancer of skin 2,483 15.99 16.31 2.0
24: Cancer of breast 18,788 9.27 9.41 1.5
25: Cancer of uterus 10,304 11.81 12.35 4.5
26: Cancer of cervix 1,616 20.92 21.78 4.1
27: Cancer of ovary 6,450 21.83 22.71 4.0
28: Cancer of other female genital organs 2,155 15.82 16.15 2.0
29: Cancer of prostate 24,323 6.93 7.13 3.0
31: Cancer of other male genital organs 308 22.73 23.38 2.9
32: Cancer of bladder 14,780 22.18 23.03 3.8
33: Cancer of kidney and renal pelvis 14,717 13.23 18.84 4.6
34: Cancer of other urinary organs 1,716 16.14 16.96 5.1
35: Cancer of brain and nervous system 7,670 20.38 21.51 5.6
36: Cancer of thyroid 3,775 9.35 9.48 1.4
37: Hodgkin's disease 584 32.36 33.39 3.2
38: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 12,102 34.35 35.44 3.2
39: Leukemias 8,871 33.62 34.86 3.7
40: Multiple myeloma 5,748 28.97 29.91 3.2
41: Cancer; other and unspecified primary 1,514 16.84 17.90 6.3
42: Secondary malignancies 65,482 23.08 23.97 3.8
43: Malignant neoplasm without specification of site 2,667 24.03 24.82 3.3
44: Neoplasms of unspecified nature or uncertain behavior 14,836 25.74 26.54 3.1
45: Maintenance chemotherapy; radiotherapy 25,281 61.29 61.98 1.1
46: Benign neoplasm of uterus 4,909 7.29 7.37 1.1
47: Other and unspecified benign neoplasm 34,259 12.74 13.18 3.4
48: Thyroid disorders 9,288 10.81 11.00 1.8
49: Diabetes mellitus without complication 3,189 16.09 16.31 1.4
50: Diabetes mellitus with complications 159,421 23.81 24.31 2.1
51: Other endocrine disorders 23,041 20.09 20.52 2.1
52: Nutritional deficiencies 4,402 24.49 24.97 1.9
53: Disorders of lipid metabolism 147 14.29 14.29 0.0
54: Gout and other crystal arthropathies 9,186 17.46 17.92 2.6
55: Fluid and electrolyte disorders 192,425 20.33 20.81 2.4
56: Cystic fibrosis 1,507 20.31 20.77 2.3
57: Immunity disorders 306 28.76 30.07 4.5
58: Other nutritional; endocrine; and metabolic disorders 33,388 16.81 17.25 2.6
59: Deficiency and other anemia 92,656 23.19 23.74 2.4
60: Acute posthemorrhagic anemia 16,095 21.09 21.66 2.7
61: Sickle cell anemia 15,360 34.26 35.22 2.8
62: Coagulation and hemorrhagic disorders 9,731 27.73 28.53 2.9
63: Diseases of white blood cells 17,437 26.37 27.06 2.6
64: Other hematologic conditions 1,256 22.05 22.93 4.0
76: Meningitis (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 3,339 16.17 17.07 5.6
77: Encephalitis (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 1,945 17.22 18.46 7.2
78: Other CNS infection and poliomyelitis 2,052 22.86 23.64 3.4
79: Parkinson's disease 6,647 13.25 13.44 1.4
80: Multiple sclerosis 6,730 13.80 14.28 3.4
81: Other hereditary and degenerative nervous system conditions 17,788 16.29 16.83 3.3
82: Paralysis 1,732 17.21 17.55 2.0
83: Epilepsy; convulsions 70,843 15.62 16.10 3.1
84: Headache; including migraine 12,433 13.04 13.56 4.0
85: Coma; stupor; and brain damage 7,730 16.96 17.50 3.2
87: Retinal detachments; defects; vascular occlusion; and retinopathy 1,091 9.90 10.36 4.6
88: Glaucoma 274 13.14 13.50 2.8
89: Blindness and vision defects 1,943 12.30 13.02 5.9
90: Inflammation; infection of eye (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 3,104 13.24 13.85 4.6
91: Other eye disorders 1,835 11.55 12.15 5.2
92: Otitis media and related conditions 1,410 11.49 12.13 5.6
93: Conditions associated with dizziness or vertigo 29,165 8.27 8.53 3.2
94: Other ear and sense organ disorders 1,672 13.22 13.64 3.2
95: Other nervous system disorders 88,536 18.37 18.94 3.1
96: Heart valve disorders 47,909 21.73 23.16 6.6
97: Peri-; endo-; and myocarditis; cardiomyopathy (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 19,317 21.89 22.71 3.8
98: Essential hypertension 21,797 11.97 12.30 2.8
99: Hypertension with complications and secondary hypertension 101,943 24.08 24.58 2.1
100: Acute myocardial infarction 205,949 19.66 20.41 3.8
101: Coronary atherosclerosis and other heart disease 220,481 15.44 15.99 3.5
102: Nonspecific chest pain 148,512 13.50 14.00 3.7
103: Pulmonary heart disease 67,061 16.71 17.20 2.9
104: Other and ill-defined heart disease 3,266 13.38 14.15 5.7
105: Conduction disorders 29,215 11.42 11.86 3.9
106: Cardiac dysrhythmias 345,225 16.73 17.27 3.3
107: Cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation 3,236 18.88 19.96 5.7
108: Congestive heart failure; nonhypertensive 468,709 25.05 25.70 2.6
109: Acute cerebrovascular disease 232,510 14.73 15.23 3.4
110: Occlusion or stenosis of precerebral arteries 59,225 10.67 10.97 2.8
111: Other and ill-defined cerebrovascular disease 7,927 11.30 11.86 4.9
112: Transient cerebral ischemia 80,396 11.31 11.66 3.1
113: Late effects of cerebrovascular disease 8,073 15.88 16.31 2.7
114: Peripheral and visceral atherosclerosis 77,210 19.15 19.65 2.6
115: Aortic; peripheral; and visceral artery aneurysms 35,223 15.16 15.95 5.2
116: Aortic and peripheral arterial embolism or thrombosis 11,656 22.50 23.07 2.6
117: Other circulatory disease 61,972 17.52 17.98 2.6
118: Phlebitis; thrombophlebitis and thromboembolism 67,493 16.60 17.07 2.8
119: Varicose veins of lower extremity 1,061 16.21 16.68 2.9
120: Hemorrhoids 12,573 17.41 17.74 1.9
121: Other diseases of veins and lymphatics 9,833 20.34 21.06 3.5
122: Pneumonia (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 443,388 18.25 18.69 2.4
123: Influenza 11,775 11.77 12.03 2.2
124: Acute and chronic tonsillitis 809 7.17 7.54 5.2
125: Acute bronchitis 26,446 13.00 13.32 2.4
126: Other upper respiratory infections 9,847 13.01 13.48 3.6
127: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis 356,562 21.99 22.40 1.9
128: Asthma 85,354 18.61 18.99 2.0
129: Aspiration pneumonitis; food/vomitus 95,063 20.93 21.22 1.4
130: Pleurisy; pneumothorax; pulmonary collapse 37,794 25.02 25.81 3.1
131: Respiratory failure; insufficiency; arrest (adult) 136,502 24.58 25.19 2.5
132: Lung disease due to external agents 2,365 20.25 21.02 3.8
133: Other lower respiratory disease 44,901 18.94 19.54 3.1
134: Other upper respiratory disease 12,106 18.43 19.09 3.6
135: Intestinal infection 86,677 22.59 23.04 2.0
136: Disorders of teeth and jaw 3,436 12.34 12.75 3.3
137: Diseases of mouth; excluding dental 5,261 14.94 15.32 2.5
138: Esophageal disorders 41,912 16.29 16.70 2.5
139: Gastroduodenal ulcer (except hemorrhage) 12,983 17.04 17.62 3.4
140: Gastritis and duodenitis 34,213 19.14 19.57 2.2
141: Other disorders of stomach and duodenum 26,484 24.64 25.32 2.8
142: Appendicitis and other appendiceal conditions 18,638 9.55 9.84 3.0
143: Abdominal hernia 62,904 13.38 13.74 2.6
144: Regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis 16,244 23.15 24.02 3.7
145: Intestinal obstruction without hernia 131,147 17.46 17.93 2.7
146: Diverticulosis and diverticulitis 107,020 14.55 14.91 2.5
147: Anal and rectal conditions 13,837 16.30 16.68 2.3
148: Peritonitis and intestinal abscess 8,092 27.39 28.28 3.2
149: Biliary tract disease 107,986 14.87 15.38 3.4
151: Other liver diseases 36,907 32.88 34.08 3.7
152: Pancreatic disorders (not diabetes) 66,802 19.80 20.58 4.0
153: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 155,410 18.75 19.27 2.8
154: Noninfectious gastroenteritis 41,796 16.12 16.57 2.8
155: Other gastrointestinal disorders 73,673 20.39 20.92 2.6
156: Nephritis; nephrosis; renal sclerosis 1,488 25.00 25.54 2.2
157: Acute and unspecified renal failure 228,134 22.04 22.60 2.5
158: Chronic kidney disease 8,075 26.13 26.81 2.6
159: Urinary tract infections 277,674 18.31 18.66 1.9
160: Calculus of urinary tract 32,158 13.21 13.53 2.4
161: Other diseases of kidney and ureters 12,302 19.05 19.64 3.1
162: Other diseases of bladder and urethra 8,649 18.28 18.582 3.0
163: Genitourinary symptoms and ill-defined conditions 15,706 20.16 20.69 2.6
164: Hyperplasia of prostate 23,248 11.51 11.75 2.1
165: Inflammatory conditions of male genital organs 6,873 13.90 14.22 2.3
166: Other male genital disorders 2,842 15.94 16.50 3.5
167: Nonmalignant breast conditions 2,997 13.38 13.65 2.0
168: Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs 3,024 15.18 15.68 3.3
169: Endometriosis 940 7.98 8.19 2.7
170: Prolapse of female genital organs 25,446 3.53 3.66 3.7
171: Menstrual disorders 3,085 9.17 9.37 2.1
172: Ovarian cyst 2,420 10.29 10.50 2.0
173: Menopausal disorders 2,132 12.48 12.81 2.6
175: Other female genital disorders 7,410 11.86 12.27 3.4
177: Spontaneous abortion 119 6.72 6.72 0.0
180: Ectopic pregnancy 159 8.18 8.18 0.0
181: Other complications of pregnancy 3,919 20.31 20.80 2.4
182: Hemorrhage during pregnancy; abruptio placenta; placenta previa 266 17.67 18.80 26.4
183: Hypertension complicating pregnancy; childbirth and the puerperium 1,544 16.78 16.90 0.8
184: Early or threatened labor 1,068 23.69 24.06 1.6
185: Prolonged pregnancy 665 2.11 2.26 7.2
186: Diabetes or abnormal glucose tolerance complicating pregnancy; childbirth; or the puerperium 822 19.34 19.83 2.5
187: Malposition; malpresentation 414 4.59 4.59 2.0
188: Fetopelvic disproportion; obstruction 153 4.58 5.23 14.3
189: Previous C-section 2,229 3.99 4.08 2.3
190: Fetal distress and abnormal forces of labor 584 4.62 4.62 0.0
191: Polyhydramnios and other problems of amniotic cavity 821 8.53 8.77 2.9
192: Umbilical cord complication 421 1.43 1.43 0.0
193: OB-related trauma to perineum and vulva 1,159 1.12 1.12 0.0
195: Other complications of birth; puerperium affecting management of mother 2,716 8.51 8.62 1.3
196: Normal pregnancy and/or delivery 450 1.56 1.56 0.0
197: Skin and subcutaneous tissue infections 178,097 16.09 16.45 2.2
198: Other inflammatory condition of skin 2,901 21.06 21.68 2.9
199: Chronic ulcer of skin 25,685 21.13 21.62 2.3
200: Other skin disorders 2,589 17.69 18.00 1.7
201: Infective arthritis and osteomyelitis (except that caused by tuberculosis or sexually transmitted disease) 24,731 19.24 19.77 2.8
202: Rheumatoid arthritis and related disease 5,487 12.96 13.30 2.7
203: Osteoarthritis 363,295 5.57 5.70 2.2
204: Other non-traumatic joint disorders 16,187 11.90 12.27 3.1
205: Spondylosis; intervertebral disc disorders; other back problems 178,614 10.62 10.93 2.9
206: Osteoporosis 146 21.23 21.92 3.2
207: Pathological fracture 31,718 19.03 19.46 2.3
208: Acquired foot deformities 1,705 7.57 7.68 1.5
209: Other acquired deformities 17,245 9.92 10.22 3.0
210: Systemic lupus erythematosus and connective tissue disorders 3,920 26.79 27.37 2.2
211: Other connective tissue disease 47,933 13.59 14.00 3.0
212: Other bone disease and musculoskeletal deformities 21,751 12.33 12.63 2.5
213: Cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies 2,502 13.75 14.71 7.0
214: Digestive congenital anomalies 713 15.71 16.69 6.3
215: Genitourinary congenital anomalies 1,201 16.24 16.57 2.1
216: Nervous system congenital anomalies 397 17.88 18.39 2.8
217: Other congenital anomalies 4,654 8.10 8.36 3.2
225: Joint disorders and dislocations; trauma-related 6,439 11.14 11.34 1.8
226: Fracture of neck of femur (hip) 172,566 13.89 14.19 2.2
227: Spinal cord injury 2,420 17.69 19.09 7.9
228: Skull and face fractures 7,091 11.90 12.38 4.0
229: Fracture of upper limb 43,161 11.92 12.33 3.5
230: Fracture of lower limb 61,816 13.59 13.96 2.7
231: Other fractures 87,204 14.05 14.50 3.2
232: Sprains and strains 9,057 11.52 11.91 3.4
233: Intracranial injury 55,231 16.40 17.16 4.6
234: Crushing injury or internal injury 13,358 15.29 15.98 4.5
235: Open wounds of head; neck; and trunk 5,616 12.29 12.84 4.5
236: Open wounds of extremities 5,507 13.78 14.11 2.4
237: Complication of device; implant or graft 274,669 21.23 21.83 2.8
238: Complications of surgical procedures or medical care 155,584 20.50 21.08 2.9
239: Superficial injury; contusion 16,861 15.88 16.23 2.2
240: Burns 4,110 16.40 17.54 7.0
241: Poisoning by psychotropic agents 14,978 12.82 13.27 3.5
242: Poisoning by other medications and drugs 27,934 15.48 15.99 3.3
243: Poisoning by nonmedicinal substances 2,659 11.51 12.19 5.9
244: Other injuries and conditions due to external causes 19,846 15.79 16.34 3.5
245: Syncope 95,001 11.90 12.29 3.2
246: Fever of unknown origin 17,447 19.54 20.14 3.1
247: Lymphadenitis 1,297 18.50 19.20 3.8
248: Gangrene 17,575 33.79 34.34 1.6
249: Shock 554 23.11 24.19 4.7
250: Nausea and vomiting 16,042 22.97 23.48 2.2
251: Abdominal pain 36,919 20.14 20.89 3.7
252: Malaise and fatigue 14,952 16.77 17.19 2.5
253: Allergic reactions 5,477 15.45 15.94 3.2
254: Rehabilitation care; fitting of prostheses; and adjustment of devices 1,558 11.04 11.10 0.6
256: Medical examination/evaluation 101 22.77 23.76 4.3
257: Other aftercare 1,889 14.08 14.45 2.6
258: Other screening for suspected conditions (not mental disorders or infectious disease) 522 17.43 17.63 1.1
259: Residual codes; unclassified 43,683 18.57 19.14 3.0
650: Adjustment disorders 1,361 13.45 13.89 3.3
651: Anxiety disorders 4,677 15.72 16.02 1.9
652: Attention-deficit 245 19.59 20.00 2.1
653: Delirium 37,650 14.28 14.72 3.1
654: Developmental disorders 613 19.09 19.41 1.7
655: Disorders usually diagnosed in infancy 115 15.65 17.39 11.1
656: Impulse control disorders 417 17.03 17.51 2.8
657: Mood disorders 45,648 18.81 19.38 3.0
658: Personality disorders 431 25.52 26.45 3.6
659: Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders 47,114 22.04 22.37 1.5
660: Alcohol-related disorders 30,228 20.72 21.24 2.5
661: Substance-related disorders 32,424 18.68 19.28 3.2
662: Suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury 240 16.67 17.50 5.0
663: Screening and history of mental health and substance abuse codes 11,302 28.35 29.03 2.4
670: Miscellaneous disorders 3,592 13.34 14.23 6.7

 

Return to Introduction

 

1 If the patient is transferred to an out-of-state hospital, the subsequent discharge would not be included in the NRD because the HCUP patient linkage numbers only can follow a patient within a State.
2 Although the text refers to using the discharge and admission date, in reality, we used the NRD data element NRD_DaysToEvent and LOS to identify the sequential order of inpatient records and whether they stopped and started on the same day.
3 Admission and discharge dates were not available because of patient confidentiality restrictions.
4 Total hospital cost must be added to the NRD using the HCUP supplemental Cost-to-Charge Ratio files.
5 Changes in the NIS Sampling and Weighting Strategy for 1998. ONLINE January 18, 2002. Available at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nis/reports/Changes_in_NIS_Design_1998.pdf. Accessed September 15, 2011.
6 HCUPnet query on the expected primary payer for the 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Accessed December 9, 2014.
7 Wier LM, Barrett ML, Steiner C, Jiang HJ. All-Cause Readmissions by Payer and Age, 2008. HCUP Statistical Brief No. 115. June 2011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb115.pdf.
8 HCUPnet query on the expected primary payer and age for the 2011Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Accessed December 9, 2014.
9 Barrett M, Steiner C, Andrews R, Kassed C, Nagamine M. Methodological Issues when Studying Readmissions and Revisits Using Hospital Administrative Data. HCUP Methods Series Report No. 2011-01. Online March 9, 2011. Rockville, MD: U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/methods/2011_01.pdf.
10 Carlson BL, Johnson AE, Cohen SB. An evaluation of the use of personal computers for variance estimation with complex survey data. J Off Statistics. 1993;9(4):795-814.
11 If the patient is transferred to an out-of-State hospital, the subsequent discharge would not be included in the NRD because the HCUP patient linkage numbers only can follow a patient within a State.
12 Although the text refers to using the discharge and admission date, in reality, we used the NRD data element NRD_DaysToEvent and LOS to identify the sequential order of inpatient records and whether they stopped and started on the same day.

Appendix E Footnotes

1 HCUPnet query on the expected primary payer for the 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Accessed December 9, 2014.
2 Wier LM, Barrett ML, Steiner C, Jiang HJ. All-Cause Readmissions by Payer and Age, 2008. HCUP Statistical Brief #115. June 2011. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
3 HCUPnet query on the expected primary payer and age for the 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Accessed December 9, 2014.

 

Return to Introduction

 


Internet Citation: 2013 Introduction to the NRD. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). December 2015. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nrd/NRD_Introduction_2013.jsp.
Are you having problems viewing or printing pages on this website?
If you have comments, suggestions, and/or questions, please contact hcup@ahrq.gov.
Privacy Notice, Viewers & Players
Last modified 12/21/15