User Support

July 2015

Kathryn R. Fingar, Ph.D., M.P.H., Carol Stocks, Ph.D., R.N., Audrey J. Weiss, Ph.D., and Pamela L. Owens, Ph.D.



Introduction

Substance abuse during pregnancy can have serious effects on the health of both mother and child. When newborns have been exposed to drugs in the womb, symptoms of withdrawal often occur within hours after birth and may include trouble feeding, seizures, sleep problems, and slow weight gain.¹ In addition to these signs of withdrawal, drug use during pregnancy can increase the risk of birth defects, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, premature birth, and abnormal neurodevelopment.² Fetal alcohol syndrome due to alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with similar outcomes, including cognitive and functional disabilities.³

Neonatal (newborn) drug withdrawal has been attributed to the use of a variety of drugs during pregnancy. However, it is thought that many of these cases involve maternal use of prescription or illegal opiates, such as oxycodone, codeine, or heroin, which may cause withdrawal in over half of infants exposed prenatally.⁴ A recent study reported that neonatal drug withdrawal showed a substantial increase—from 1.2 per 1,000 births in 2000 to 3.4 per 1,000 births in 2009.⁵ This paralleled an overall 300 percent increase in sales of prescription painkillers in the general population.⁶

This Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Brief used data from 38 States—those for which inpatient data were available each year between 2006 and 2012—to examine the prevalence and costs of newborn and maternal inpatient hospital stays associated with substance use, including abuse of prescription drugs or use of illicit drugs or alcohol. Neonatal stays related to substance use were categorized according to the type of substance or substance-related condition: neonatal drug withdrawal, fetal alcohol syndrome, hallucinogens, cocaine, or unspecified narcotics. Maternal stays related to substance use were categorized according to the following types of substances: opiates, cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, other specified substances, or unspecified drugs. Rates of each type of substance and substance-related condition among neonatal and maternal stays were examined over time. Patient and hospital characteristics for neonatal and maternal stays related to substance use in 2012 are presented compared with all other neonatal and maternal stays. Differences between substance-related stays and all other neonatal and maternal stays of greater than 10 percent are noted in the text.

Findings

Rate and costs of neonatal and maternal hospital stays related to substance use, 2006-2012
Figure 1 presents trends in the rate of neonatal and maternal hospital stays related to substance use from 2006 through 2012.

• The rate of neonatal and maternal stays related to substance use increased substantially between 2006 and 2012.
  
  The rate of neonatal hospital stays involving substance use had a cumulative increase of 71 percent between 2006 and 2012, from 5.1 to 8.7 per 1,000 neonatal stays. The rate of maternal hospital stays involving substance use had a cumulative increase of 33 percent, from 13.4 per 1,000 maternal stays in 2006 to 17.9 per 1,000 maternal stays in 2012. In 2006, the rate of maternal stays related to substance use was 2.6 times the rate of neonatal stays related to substance use; in 2012, the rate of substance-related maternal stays was also more than double the rate of substance-related neonatal stays (2.1 times higher).

Figure 2 presents trends in aggregate hospital costs for neonatal and maternal stays related to substance use from 2006 through 2012. Costs are inflation adjusted and expressed in 2012 dollars.

• Costs for neonatal stays related to substance use increased by 135 percent between 2006 and 2012; costs for maternal stays related to substance use grew by only 35 percent.
  
  Between 2006 and 2012, inflation-adjusted aggregate hospital costs for neonatal stays related to substance use had a cumulative increase of 135 percent, from $253.4 million in 2006 to $594.6 million in 2012. The cumulative increase in costs for maternal stays related to substance use was only 35 percent over the 6-year period. Although costs for neonatal and maternal stays related to substance use were similar in 2006 at approximately $250 million, in 2012 hospital costs for neonatal stays related to substance use were 1.7 times greater than costs for maternal stays related to substance use. Taken together, total costs for substance-related neonatal and maternal stays were $944 million in 2012.

Types of substances and substance-related conditions among neonatal and maternal hospital stays, 2012
Figure 3 presents the distribution of neonatal hospital stays related to substance use in 2012 according to the type of substance or substance-related condition that was present.

• Of the 30,653 neonatal hospital stays related to substance use in 2012, most involved neonatal drug withdrawal or unspecified narcotics.
  
  The vast majority of neonatal hospital stays related to substance use in 2012 involved either neonatal drug withdrawal (60.3 percent) or unspecified narcotics (23.0 percent). The remaining 16.7 percent of neonatal stays involved specific types of substances: cocaine (8.6 percent of stays), hallucinogens (4.5 percent), multiple substances or conditions (2.1 percent), or fetal alcohol syndrome (1.5 percent).

Figure 4 presents the distribution of maternal hospital stays related to substance use in 2012 according to the type of substance that was present.

• Of the 65,855 maternal hospital stays related to substance use in 2012, one-third involved cannabis and nearly one-fourth involved opiates.
  
  The majority of maternal hospital stays related to substance use in 2012 involved either cannabis (33.9 percent) or opiates (23.0 percent). Another 31 percent of maternal stays also involved specific types of substances: multiple substances (15.0 percent of stays), other specified substances (e.g., hallucinogens and sedatives; 7.0 percent), cocaine (4.9 percent), and alcohol (3.9 percent). The remaining 12.3 percent of maternal stays related to substance use involved unspecified drugs.

Trends in the rate of neonatal and maternal hospital stays related to substance use, 2006-2012
Table 1 presents the number, rate, and cumulative percentage change in rate from 2006 to 2012 for neonatal and maternal hospital stays related to substance use by the type of substance or substance-related condition.

• Among neonatal stays, the rate of stays with neonatal drug withdrawal increased by 187 percent and the rate of stays related to cocaine decreased by 60 percent from 2006 to 2012.
  
  The most rapidly increasing substance or substance-related condition among neonatal hospital stays was neonatal drug withdrawal, which increased by 187 percent, from 1.9 per 1,000 neonatal stays in 2006 to 5.4 per 1,000 neonatal stays in 2012. The rate of neonatal stays with unspecified narcotics also increased substantially across the 6-year period—by 149 percent—from 1.0 to 2.5 per 1,000 neonatal stays. The rate of neonatal stays with neonatal drug withdrawal was more than twice the rate of neonatal stays for any other type of substance or substance-related condition in 2012.
  
  In 2006, the rate of neonatal stays related to cocaine was higher than the rate of neonatal stays for any other type of substance or substance-related condition. Neonatal hospital stays related to cocaine subsequently decreased by 60 percent, from 2.2 per 1,000 neonatal stays in 2006 to 0.9 per 1,000 neonatal stays in 2012.



• Among maternal stays, the rate of stays related to opiates increased by 135 percent and the rate of stays related to cocaine decreased by 51 percent from 2006 to 2012.
  
  Between 2006 and 2012, maternal hospital stays related to opiates had the most rapid change in rate among maternal stays related to substance use, with a 135 percent increase, from 2.3 to 5.4 per 1,000 maternal stays. Substantial increases also occurred in the rate of maternal stays with unspecified drugs (68 percent increase) and cannabis (51 percent increase).
  
  Similar to neonatal stays, maternal stays related to cocaine had a notable decrease of 51 percent, from 4.0 per 1,000 maternal stays in 2006 to 2.0 per 1,000 maternal stays in 2012.

Characteristics of neonatal and maternal hospital stays related to substance use, 2012
Table 2 presents characteristics of neonatal hospital stays related to substance use compared with all other neonatal stays that were not related to substance use in 2012.

• Compared with all other neonatal stays in 2012, Medicaid was more likely and private insurance was less likely to be the expected primary payer among neonatal stays related to substance use.
  
  In 2012, Medicaid was the expected primary payer for 79.9 percent of neonatal stays related to substance use compared with 46.2 percent of all other neonatal stays. Substance-related neonatal stays were also more likely to be uninsured, compared with all other neonatal stays (5.6 vs. 3.9 percent). In contrast, private insurance was the expected primary payer for 11.8 percent of neonatal stays involving substance use versus 46.4 percent of all other neonatal stays.



• In 2012, neonatal stays related to substance use were more likely than other neonatal stays to occur among patients from communities with a lower median household income and less likely to occur in large metropolitan areas.
  
  Compared with all other neonatal stays, neonatal stays related to substance use were more likely to be for neonates from communities with low median household income (39.0 vs. 26.8 percent in the lowest income quartile). Neonatal stays related to substance use were less likely than other neonatal stays to be for neonates from large metropolitan areas (48.0 vs. 57.7 percent).



• Low birth weight, seizures, respiratory distress, and difficulty feeding were more likely to occur among neonatal stays related to substance use than among other neonatal stays.
  
  Compared with all other neonatal stays, those neonatal stays related to substance use were more likely to involve low birth weight (20.3 vs. 6.7 percent), seizures (1.4 vs. 0.3 percent), respiratory distress (30.1 vs. 10.0 percent), and difficulty feeding (16.2 vs. 3.8 percent).



• Neonatal stays related to substance use were approximately 4 times as long and 4 times as costly as other neonatal stays.
  
  The mean length of stay was 14.7 days for neonatal stays related to substance use compared with 3.7 days for other neonatal stays. Similarly, average hospital costs were substantially more for neonatal stays related to substance use ($19,684) than for other neonatal stays ($4,500).

Table 3 presents characteristics of maternal hospital stays related to substance use compared with all other maternal stays that were not related to substance use in 2012.

• Maternal stays related to substance use were more likely than other maternal stays to involve young women aged 20-24 years and to have Medicaid as the expected primary payer.
  
  In 2012, nearly one-third (32.1 percent) of maternal stays related to substance use were for women aged 20-24 years compared with 23.0 percent of all other maternal stays.
  
  Medicaid was the expected primary payer for 75.0 percent of maternal stays related to substance use compared with 44.2 percent for all other maternal stays. Substance-related maternal stays were also more likely to be uninsured than all other maternal stays (5.4 vs. 2.8 percent). In contrast, private insurance was the expected primary payer for 13.7 percent of maternal stays involving substance use versus 49.0 percent of all other maternal stays.



• Compared with all other maternal stays, those related to substance use were more likely to occur among patients in communities with a lower median household income and less likely to occur in large metropolitan areas.
  
  Maternal stays related to substance use were more likely than other maternal stays to be for women from communities with low median household income (42.2 vs. 27.3 percent in the lowest income quartile). Additionally, compared with all other maternal stays, maternal stays related to substance use were less likely to be for women from large metropolitan areas (51.1 vs. 58.0 percent).



• Over one-fourth of maternal stays related to substance use included mental disorders as a co-occurring condition.
  
  Maternal stays related to substance use were substantially more likely than all other maternal stays to include mental disorders as a co-occurring condition (26.1 vs. 3.9 percent). Compared with all other maternal stays, those related to substance use also were more likely to involve chronic pain (2.1 vs. 0.1 percent).

Data Source

The estimates in this Statistical Brief are based upon data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) 2006-2012 State Inpatient Databases (SID) from 38 States: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Combined, these States account for approximately 90 percent of all births in the United States.⁷

Definitions

Diagnoses, procedures, ICD-9-CM, and Clinical Classifications Software (CCS)
The principal diagnosis is that condition established after study to be chiefly responsible for the patient's admission to the hospital. Secondary diagnoses are concomitant conditions that coexist at the time of admission or develop during the stay. All-listed diagnoses include the principal diagnosis plus these additional secondary conditions.

All-listed procedures include all procedures performed during the hospital stay, whether for definitive treatment or for diagnostic or exploratory purposes. The first-listed procedure is the procedure that is listed first on the discharge record. Inpatient data define this as the principal procedure—the procedure that is performed for definitive treatment rather than for diagnostic or exploratory purposes (i.e., the procedure that was necessary to take care of a complication).

ICD-9-CM is the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, which assigns numeric codes to diagnoses and procedures. There are approximately 14,000 ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and approximately 4,000 ICD-9-CM procedure codes.

CCS categorizes ICD-9-CM diagnoses and procedures into a manageable number of clinically meaningful categories.⁸ This clinical grouper makes it easier to quickly understand patterns of diagnoses and procedures. CCS categories identified as Other typically are not reported; these categories include miscellaneous, otherwise unclassifiable diagnoses and procedures that may be difficult to interpret as a group.

Neonatal and maternal stays were identified based on the following all-listed ICD-9-CM diagnosis and/or procedure codes, which include delivery records that resulted in a live birth or stillbirth at that stay, as well as pregnancy-related records that did not result in a delivery at that stay. If the same woman or neonate was hospitalized multiple times, each stay was counted separately:

• Neonatal: Diagnoses 27701, 74783, 76061-76064, 76077-76078, 7620-7706, 77081-7785, 7787-7796, 77981-7799, 7966, V2031-V2032, and V290-V392. Neonatal records were restricted to neonates aged <1 year.
• Maternal: Diagnoses 630-67914, 7923, 7965, V220-V2384, V2386-V242, V270-V282, V286-V2889, V616-V617, V6511, V7242, and V8901-V8909, and V9100-V9199. Procedures 720-7537 and 754-7599. Maternal records were restricted to females aged 15-45 years.

Substance-related ICD-9-CM codes were selected that indicated alcohol or illicit drug use during pregnancy. Illicit drug use was defined as the use of illegal drugs or misuse of prescription drugs or other substances. Tobacco use was not examined. Codes were excluded if (1) it could not be determined that substance use occurred during pregnancy or (2) the code pertained to prescription drugs and it could not be determined whether the substance was misused or the effect was iatrogenic (i.e., induced inadvertently by medical treatment). Table 4 provides the ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes that were used to identify the substances and substance-related conditions among neonatal and maternal stays related to alcohol or illicit drug use during pregnancy.

Co-occurring diagnoses were identified using the following all-listed ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and CCS categories:

• Low birth weight: as defined for the AHRQ Low Birth Weight Rate Prevention Quality Indicator⁹
• Seizures: ICD-9-CM codes 7803, 7790
• Respiratory distress: ICD-9-CM codes 769, 770
• Difficulty feeding: ICD-9-CM code 7793
• Chronic pain: ICD-9-CM code 3382
• Mental disorders: CCS 651 (anxiety disorders), CCS 657 (mood disorders), CCS 658 (personality disorders), CCS 659 (schizophrenia)

Types of hospitals included in HCUP State Inpatient Databases
This analysis used State Inpatient Databases (SID) limited to data from community hospitals, which are defined as short-term, non-Federal, general, and other hospitals, excluding hospital units of other institutions (e.g., prisons). Community hospitals include obstetrics and gynecology, otolaryngology, orthopedic, cancer, pediatric, public, and academic medical hospitals. Excluded for this analysis are long-term care facilities such as rehabilitation, psychiatric, and alcoholism and chemical dependency hospitals. However, if a patient received long-term care, rehabilitation, or treatment for psychiatric or chemical dependency conditions in a community hospital, the discharge record for that stay was included in the analysis.

Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis is the hospital discharge (i.e., the hospital stay), not a person or patient. This means that a person who is admitted to the hospital multiple times in 1 year will be counted each time as a separate discharge from the hospital.

Costs and charges
Total hospital charges were converted to costs using HCUP Cost-to-Charge Ratios based on hospital accounting reports from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).¹⁰ Costs reflect the actual expenses incurred in the production of hospital services, such as wages, supplies, and utility costs; charges represent the amount a hospital billed for the case. For each hospital, a hospital-wide cost-to-charge ratio is used. Hospital charges reflect the amount the hospital billed for the entire hospital stay and do not include professional (physician) fees.

Aggregate hospital costs were inflation adjusted using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), with 2012 as the index base.¹¹

How HCUP estimates of costs differ from National Health Expenditure Accounts
There are a number of differences between the costs cited in this Statistical Brief and spending as measured in the National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA), which are produced annually by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).¹² The largest source of difference comes from the HCUP coverage of inpatient treatment only in contrast to the NHEA inclusion of outpatient costs associated with emergency departments and other hospital-based outpatient clinics and departments as well. The outpatient portion of hospitals' activities has been growing steadily and may exceed half of all hospital revenue in recent years. On the basis of the American Hospital Association Annual Survey, 2012 outpatient gross revenues (or charges) were about 44 percent of total hospital gross revenues. ¹³

Smaller sources of differences come from the inclusion in the NHEA of hospitals that are excluded from HCUP. These include Federal hospitals (Department of Defense, Veterans Administration, Indian Health Services, and Department of Justice [prison] hospitals) as well as psychiatric, substance abuse, and long-term care hospitals. A third source of difference lies in the HCUP reliance on billed charges from hospitals to payers, adjusted to provide estimates of costs using hospital-wide cost-to-charge ratios, in contrast to the NHEA measurement of spending or revenue. HCUP costs estimate the amount of money required to produce hospital services, including expenses for wages, salaries, and benefits paid to staff as well as utilities, maintenance, and other similar expenses required to run a hospital. NHEA spending or revenue measures the amount of income received by the hospital for treatment and other services provided, including payments by insurers, patients, or government programs. The difference between revenues and costs include profit for for-profit hospitals or surpluses for nonprofit hospitals.

Location of patients' residence
Place of residence is based on the 2003 version of the Urban Influence Codes:

• Large Metropolitan: Metropolitan areas with 1 million or more residents
• Small Metropolitan: Metropolitan areas with fewer than 1 million residents
• Micropolitan: Micropolitan areas adjacent and nonadjacent to metropolitan areas
• Rural: Nonmetropolitan and nonmicropolitan counties

Median community-level income
Median community-level income is the median household income of the patient's ZIP Code of residence. The cut-offs for the quartile designation are determined using ZIP Code demographic data obtained from the Nielsen Company. The income quartile is missing for patients who are homeless or foreign.

Payer
Payer is the expected primary payer for the hospital stay. To make coding uniform across all HCUP data sources, payer combines detailed categories into general groups:

• Medicare: includes patients covered by fee-for-service and managed care Medicare
• Medicaid: includes patients covered by fee-for-service and managed care Medicaid
• Private Insurance: includes Blue Cross, commercial carriers, and private health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
• Uninsured: includes an insurance status of self-pay and no charge
• Other: includes Worker's Compensation, TRICARE/CHAMPUS, CHAMPVA, Title V, and other government programs.

Hospital stays billed to the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) may be classified as Medicaid, Private Insurance, or Other, depending on the structure of the State program. Because most State data do not identify patients in SCHIP specifically, it is not possible to present this information separately

When more than one payer is listed for a hospital discharge, the first-listed payer is used.

Region
Region is one of the four regions defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Only those States included in this Statistical Brief are listed below for each region:

• Northeast: Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey
• Midwest: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas
• South: Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
• West: Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, and Hawaii

About HCUP

The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP, pronounced "H-Cup") is a family of healthcare databases and related software tools and products developed through a Federal-State-Industry partnership and sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). HCUP databases bring together the data collection efforts of State data organizations, hospital associations, and private data organizations (HCUP Partners) and the Federal government to create a national information resource of encounter-level healthcare data. HCUP includes the largest collection of longitudinal hospital care data in the United States, with all-payer, encounter-level information beginning in 1988. These databases enable research on a broad range of health policy issues, including cost and quality of health services, medical practice patterns, access to healthcare programs, and outcomes of treatments at the national, State, and local market levels.

HCUP would not be possible without the contributions of the following data collection Partners from across the United States:

Alaska State Hospital and Nursing Home Association
Arizona Department of Health Services
Arkansas Department of Health
California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
Colorado Hospital Association
Connecticut Hospital Association
District of Columbia Hospital Association
Florida Agency for Health Care Administration
Georgia Hospital Association
Hawaii Health Information Corporation
Illinois Department of Public Health
Indiana Hospital Association
Iowa Hospital Association
Kansas Hospital Association
Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services
Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals
Maine Health Data Organization
Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission
Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis
Michigan Health & Hospital Association
Minnesota Hospital Association
Mississippi Department of Health
Missouri Hospital Industry Data Institute
Montana MHA - An Association of Montana Health Care Providers
Nebraska Hospital Association
Nevada Department of Health and Human Services
New Hampshire Department of Health & Human Services
New Jersey Department of Health
New Mexico Department of Health
New York State Department of Health
North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services
North Dakota (data provided by the Minnesota Hospital Association)
Ohio Hospital Association
Oklahoma State Department of Health
Oregon Association of Hospitals and Health Systems
Oregon Office of Health Analytics
Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council
Rhode Island Department of Health
South Carolina Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office
South Dakota Association of Healthcare Organizations
Tennessee Hospital Association
Texas Department of State Health Services
Utah Department of Health
Vermont Association of Hospitals and Health Systems
Virginia Health Information
Washington State Department of Health
West Virginia Health Care Authority
Wisconsin Department of Health Services
Wyoming Hospital Association

About Statistical Briefs

HCUP Statistical Briefs are descriptive summary reports presenting statistics on hospital inpatient and emergency department use and costs, quality of care, access to care, medical conditions, procedures, patient populations, and other topics. The reports use HCUP administrative healthcare data.

About the SID

The HCUP State Inpatient Databases (SID) are hospital inpatient databases from data organizations participating in HCUP. The SID contain the universe of the inpatient discharge abstracts in the participating HCUP States, translated into a uniform format to facilitate multistate comparisons and analyses. Together, the SID encompass more than 95 percent of all U.S. community hospital discharges. The SID can be used to investigate questions unique to one State, to compare data from two or more States, to conduct market-area variation analyses, and to identify State-specific trends in inpatient care utilization, access, charges, and outcomes.

About HCUPnet

HCUPnet is an online query system that offers instant access to the largest set of all-payer healthcare databases that are publicly available. HCUPnet has an easy step-by-step query system that creates tables and graphs of national and regional statistics as well as data trends for community hospitals in the United States. HCUPnet generates statistics using data from HCUP's National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS), the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID), the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), the State Inpatient Databases (SID), and the State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD).

For More Information

For more information about HCUP, visit http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/.

For additional HCUP statistics, visit HCUPnet, our interactive query system, at https://datatools.ahrq.gov/hcupnet.

For information on other hospitalizations in the United States, refer to the following HCUP Statistical Briefs located at http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/statbriefs.jsp:

• Statistical Brief #180, Overview of Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012
• Statistical Brief #181, Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012
• Statistical Brief #186, Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003-2012
• Statistical Brief #162, Most Frequent Conditions in U.S. Hospitals, 2011

For a detailed description of HCUP and more information on the design of the State Inpatient Databases (SID), please refer to the following database documentation:

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Overview of the State Inpatient Databases (SID). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Updated November 2014. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/sidoverview.jsp. Accessed January 7, 2015.

Suggested Citation

Fingar KR (Truven Health Analytics), Stocks C (AHRQ), Weiss AJ (Truven Health Analytics), Owens PL (AHRQ). Neonatal and Maternal Hospital Stays Related to Substance Use, 2006-2012. HCUP Statistical Brief #193. July 2015. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb193-Neonatal-Maternal-Hospitalizations-Substance-Use.pdf.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Minya Sheng of Truven Health Analytics.

***

AHRQ welcomes questions and comments from readers of this publication who are interested in obtaining more information about access, cost, use, financing, and quality of healthcare in the United States. We also invite you to tell us how you are using this Statistical Brief and other HCUP data and tools, and to share suggestions on how HCUP products might be enhanced to further meet your needs. Please e-mail us at hcup@ahrq.gov or send a letter to the address below:

Virginia Mackay-Smith, Acting Director
Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
540 Gaither Road
Rockville, MD 20850



¹ Hudak ML, Tan RC, The Committee on Drugs, The Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Neonatal Drug Withdrawal. Clinical Report. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2);e540-60. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/2/e540.full#T2. Accessed November 10, 2014.
² Ibid.
³ Floyd RL, O'Connor MJ, Sokol RJ, Bertrand J, Cordero JF. Recognition and prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2005;106(5 Pt 1):1059-64.
⁴ Hudak et al., 2012.
⁵ Patrick SW, Schumachr RE, Benneworth BD, Krans EE, McAllister, JM, Davis MM. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated healthcare expenditures: United States, 2000-2009. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1934-40.
⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Signs: Overdoses of Prescription Opioid Pain Relievers—United States,1999-2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 2011;60(43):1-6.
⁷ Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Ventura SJ. Births: Preliminary Data for 2012. National Vital Statistics Reports. 62(3). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2013. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr62/nvsr62_03.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2014.
⁸ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. HCUP Clinical Classifications Software (CCS). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Updated November 2014. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/toolssoftware/ccs/ccs.jsp. Accessed January 7, 2015.
⁹ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AHRQ QI, Prevention Quality Indicators #9, Technical Specifications, Low Birth. Weight Rate. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. August 2011. http://www.qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/Downloads/Modules/PQI/V43/TechSpecs/PQI%2009%20Low%20Birth%20Weight%20Rate.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2014.
¹⁰ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. HCUP Cost-to-Charge Ratio (CCR) Files. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). 2001-2012. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Updated August 2013. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/state/costtocharge.jsp. Accessed January 7, 2015.
¹¹ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. National Income and Product Account Tables, Table 1.1.4 Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product. http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=9&step=1#reqid=9&step=1&isuri=1. Accessed August 25, 2014.
¹² For additional information about the NHEA, see Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). National Health Expenditure Data. CMS website May 2014. http://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/index.html?redirect=/NationalHealthExpendData/. Accessed January 7, 2015.
¹³ American Hospital Association. TrendWatch Chartbook, 2014. Table 4.2. Distribution of Inpatient vs. Outpatient Revenues, 1992-2012. Original source is no longer available on the Web; for related information refer to TrendWatch Chartbook, 2018. Table 4.2. Distribution of Inpatient vs. Outpatient Revenues, 1995-2016. www.aha.org/system/files/2018-05/2018-chartbook-table-4-2.pdf. Accessed October 14, 2019.